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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Introduction

verfasst von : Leanne O’Leary

Erschienen in: Employment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby Union

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

National employment and labour relations law, the economic conditions in which a competition is organized, a sport’s regulatory framework and the bargaining power of a player, club, team or federation determine the form and content of working conditions in a professional team sports competition. A team sports competition has some unique features that are reflected in the term and conditions of an athlete’s employment and are not ordinarily seen in other industries. This chapter outlines the special nature of an employment contract and the employment and labour relations laws in the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the European Union that form the framework in which professional athletes in the Premier League, the NBA and rugby union are employed. It canvasses the economic features of a team sports competition and outlines the regulatory framework of some sports that can also influence the final form of a player’s employment arrangements. The chapter introduces the specific features of an athlete’s working conditions that will be the subject of further discussion throughout this book.

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Nächstes Kapitel History of Labour Relations and Working Conditions in the Premier League, NBA and Rugby Union

The word “athlete” is typically used to refer to a person who participates in the sport of athletics. In this book it will be used interchangeably with the term “player”.

Throughout this book the word “federation” will be used to describe the industry regulator instead of the term “sport’s governing body”.

Ferguson v John Dawson and Partners (Contractors) Ltd [1976] IRLR 346 (CA).

Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher and Others [2011] UKSC 41 (SC).

Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd and Another [2015] UKSC 17.

Ibid.

Braganza, supra n 5, para 32.

Braganza, supra n 5, para 54.

Woods v W M Car Services (Peterborough) Ltd [1981] ICR 666 (EAT). Approved in: Lewis v Motorworld Garages Ltd [1986] ICR 157 (CA) and Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce International SA (in compulsory liquidation) [1998] AC 20 (HL).

Hivac v Park Royal [1946] Ch 146 (CA).

Herbert Clayton and Jack Waller Ltd v Oliver [1930] AC 209 (HL), William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker [1999] ICR 291 (CA), Langston v Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers (No 2) [1974] ICR 510 (NIRC) and Provident Financial Group plc and Another v Hayward [1989] ICR 160 (CA).

Geys v Société Générale [2012] UKSC 63, para 118 (Sumption LJ).

Braganza, supra n 5, para 18.

[1964] Ch 413 (ChD).

Ibid., p. 428.

Braganza, supra n 5 (held an employer is obliged to exercise a contractual power of decision-making in good faith and not in an arbitrary, capricious, irrational or unreasonable manner), Nordenfelt Ex p. Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co, Re [1895] 1 Q.B. 151 (HL), Eastham, supra n 14 and Grieg v Insole [1978] 1 W.L.R. 302 (ChD) (all held that a clause or rule in a private contract that unreasonably deprives an individual of the opportunity to earn a living and deprives the public of the benefit of the individual’s labour may be contrary to public policy). See also Sedley 1994, Forsyth 1996 and Laws 1997.

Herbert Clayton, supra n 11, p. 216.

Herbert Clayton, supra n 11, approving the earlier decisions of Turner v Goldsmith [1891] 1 QB 544 (CA) and Marbe v George Edwardes (Daly’s Theatre) Ltd [1928] 1 KB 269 (CA).

Warren v Mendy and Anor [1989] 1 WLR 853, p. 857.

The terms “collective agreement” and “collective bargaining agreement” refer to an agreement that is the product of collective bargaining between an employer and an employee. In this book the term collective agreement will be used. See also O’Leary 2012.

See Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 and Trade Union Act 2016. See also Chap. 4, infra.

Lipsky and Donn 1987, p. 2.

“Employees shall have the right to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organizations to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing…”: National Labor Relations Act of 1935 29 USC §157.

Research indicates that the cost to employers is highest during the period of a work stoppage and that work stoppages in a professional league may not have a permanent effect on attendance levels: Schmidt and Bern 2004. See also Matheson 2006.

The right developed by the Committees is drawn from Articles 3 and 10 of the ILO Convention No 87 on the Freedom of Association. Articles 3 and 10 recognize the right of workers and employers to form organizations to administer their activities and the aims of such organizations to defend the interests of workers or employers, respectively. See Bernard Gernigon, Alberto Odero and Horatio Guido, “ILO Principles Concerning the Right to Strike”, (International Labour Office, Geneva 2000) available on line at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_087987.pdf last accessed 31 July 2016 and a summary of the principles in Giving Globalisation a Human Face, International Labour Office, 2012, para 117.

Downward et al. 2009, p. 201.

See for example NFL v NASL 459 US 1074 (1982): “The NFL owners produce a product which competes with other sports and other forms of entertainment in the entertainment market”- ibid., p. 1077 (Justice Rehnquist dissenting).

McKeown 2011, p. 521.

Szymanski 2003, pp. 1155–1156.

Szymanski 2003, pp. 1176–1177.

Ibid.

See Showalter 2007 and Parlow 2010.

See Eastham, supra n 14, Grieg, supra n 16 and Nagle v Fielden [1966] 2 QB 633.

See Modahl v British Athletic Federation Ltd [2002] 1 WLR 1192 (CA).

See C-415/93 Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association v Bosman [1995] 1 CMLR 645.

See Hendry v World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association [2001] All ER (D) 71 and C-519/04P) Meca-Medina v Commission of the European Communities [2006] ECR I-6991.

R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 2 All ER 853 (CA). See also Anderson 2006, O’Leary 2009, Beloff 2009 and Morgan 2012.

Bradley v Jockey Club [2005] EWCA Civ 1056 (CA).

Anderson J (2006) An accident of history: why the decisions of sports governing bodies are not amenable to judicial review. Common Law World Rev 35(3):173–196CrossRef

Beloff M (2009) Watching out for the googly: judicial review in the world of sport. Judicial Rev 14(2):136–141

Downward P, Dawson A, Dejonghe T (2009) Sports economics, theory, evidence and policy. Routledge, Abingdon

Forsyth C (1996) Of fig leaves and fairy tales: the ultra vires doctrine, the sovereignty of parliament and judicial review. Camb Law J 55(1):122–140CrossRef

Laws J (1997) Public law and employment law: abuse of power. Public Law 455–466

Lipsky D, Donn C (1987) Collective bargaining in American industry: contemporary perspectives and future directions. Lexington Books, Toronto

Matheson V (2006) The effects of labor strikes on consumer demand in professional sports revisited. Appl Econ 38(10):1173–1179CrossRef

McKeown J (2011) The economics of competitive balance: sports antitrust claims after American Needle. Marquette Sports Law Rev 21:517–550

Morgan J (2012) A mare’s nest? The Jockey Club and judicial review of sports governing bodies. Legal Inf Manage 12(2):102–109CrossRef

O’Leary L (2009) The RFL’s ‘club trained rule’: the case for judicial review of sports governing bodies. Int Sports Law Rev 9(2):15–20

O’Leary L (2012) Regulating the employment relationship in professional team sports. Ind Law J 41(2):1–27CrossRef

Parlow M (2010) Professional sports league commissioners’ authority and collective bargaining. Texas Rev Entertainment Sports Law 11(2):17–203

Schmidt M, Bern D (2004) The impact of labor strikes on consumer demand: an application to professional sports. Am Econ Rev 94(1):344–357CrossRef

Sedley S (1994) Public law and contractual employment. Ind Law J 23(3):201–208CrossRef

Showalter B (2007) Technical foul: David Stern’s excessive use of rule-making authority. Marquette Sports Law Rev 18(1):205–224

Szymanski S (2003) Economic design of sporting contests. J Econ Lit 41(4):1137–1187CrossRef

Titel: Introduction
verfasst von: Leanne O’Leary
Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press
Buch: Employment and Labour Relations Law in the Premier League, NBA and International Rugby Union
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-158-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-159-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-159-3_1