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2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Understanding Nuclear Deterrence Within the International Constitutional Architecture

verfasst von : Nigel D. White

Erschienen in: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

Once they were created, and scientific knowledge spread, it has proved very difficult to remove nuclear weapons from the international security landscape. However, if the broader international constitutional architecture, which includes the UN Charter as well as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), is considered, the doctrine of nuclear deterrence can be contained and, moreover, pathways to nuclear disarmament can be laid. This chapter places the non-proliferation regime and the doctrine of nuclear deterrence within the wider constitutional order derived from the UN Charter. In this order ‘security’ and ‘law’ are separate but related, and nuclear deterrence sits uneasily between the two. ‘Security’ is defined by the five Permanent Members/recognised nuclear-weapon States. This has an influence on non-proliferation law especially as regards non-State actors, executive law making, and non-forcible measures against Iran and North Korea. Beyond these measures the five States have used their position in the constitutional order to protect the existing nuclear hierarchy and with it the doctrine of nuclear deterrence. Although the UN General Assembly and disarmament bodies have provided balance by consensual law making in the area of non-proliferation law, the fulfilment of Article VI of the NPT will require a recognition and management of nuclear deterrence.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Small Modular Reactors in Canada: Eroding Public Oversight and Canada’s Transition to Sustainable Development

Nächstes Kapitel Running Out of (Legal) Excuses: Extended Nuclear Deterrence in the Era of the Prohibition Treaty

Krause 2007, 288.

Simpson 2004, 62.

New York Times, 7 May 1945.

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Hobbes 1651.

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Article X.1 NPT Treaty 1968. Mohamed ElBaradei, the then Director-General of the IAEA has argued in 2004 that the right of withdrawal should be removed from the NPT, given the importance of the treaty to international security—cited in Glennon 2010, 132.

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Klein and Schmahl, 2012, 495.

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UN Doc A/RES/2373 (XXII) (1968), adopted by 95 votes to 4 with 21 abstentions. The NPT now has 191 State Parties.

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Fetter and Wolfsthal 2018, 108.

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See, for example, Noel-Baker 1958.

Bull 1959, 39.

Ibid.

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Ibid., 2–5.

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Ibid.

UN Doc S/RES/1540 (2004).

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Ibid., para 66.

Ibid., para 67.

Ibid., para 95.

Ibid., para 94.

Ibid., para 97.

International Court of Justice, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Request for an Advisory Opinion by the United Nations General Assembly), Statement of the Government of the United Kingdom, June 1995, para 2.42.

Ibid., para 3.38.

Ibid., paras 3.71, 3.73.

Ibid., para 3.82.

Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion 1996, para 98.

Ibid., 267.

Obligations Concerning Negotiations Relating to the Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, 2016 ICJ Rep 833.

Ibid., Annex 2. See also Annex 6: Statement on behalf of France, the UK and US by Minister Alistair Burt at the UN General Assembly High Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament, 26 September 2013.

For a contrary view, see Anastassov 2010.

UN Doc S/RES/1540 (2004).

See further Rauf and Lodding 2007.

See also UN Doc S/RES/1673 (2006) UN Doc S/RES 1810 (2008), UN Doc S/RES/1977 (2011), UN Doc S/RES/2055 (2012), UN Doc S/RES/2325 (2016).

UN Doc S/23500 (1992).

Initiated by UN Doc S/RES/1718 (2006) on North Korea; UN Doc S/RES/ 1737 (2006) on Iran.

See also its resolutions on WMD in Iraq starting with UN Doc S/RES/687 (1991).

See UN Doc S/RES/1172 (1998), which condemned the nuclear weapons tests of India and Pakistan in that year, and reaffirmed the Security Council’s commitment to the NPT.

UN S/RES/255 (1968).

UN Doc S/PV.1433 (1968), paras 6 and 7.

Ibid., paras 79–80.

Ibid., para 81.

Ibid., para 85.

Ibid., paras 90 and 105.

Ibid., para 108.

UN Doc S/RES/984 (1995).

100

UN Doc S/PV.3514 (1995).

101

UN Doc S/RES/1887 (2009).

102

UN Doc S/PV.8500 (2019), 2.

103

Ibid., 10, 12–13, 15–16, 18–19, 22.

104

Ibid., 14 (South Africa). See also Dominican Republic at 20.

105

See also UN Press Release, ‘Security Council Statement in Support of Non-Proliferation Treaty’—SC/13762-DC/3799, 2 April 2019.

106

More specifically, Germany introduced in outline the idea of a ‘road map that will get us back on track with nuclear disarmament’, consisting of: (i) ‘tangible steps towards strategic risk reduction’, including a ‘revived dialogue amongst the permanent five members of the Security Council, which carry particular nuclear responsibility’; (ii) laying ‘the technical groundwork for a world free of nuclear weapons’, including ‘credible verification’; (iii) strengthening and developing the ‘architecture of nuclear arms control’, including getting the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty into force and crafting a fissile material cut-off treaty. UN Doc S/PV. 8500 (2019), 7.

107

Fetter and Wolfsthal 2018, 112.

108

For a view that some aspects of the doctrine of nuclear deterrence as practiced by the UK violate the jus ad bellum, see Drummond 2013.

109

See Germany’s suggestion of a ‘road map’, footnote 106 above.

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Titel: Understanding Nuclear Deterrence Within the International Constitutional Architecture
verfasst von: Nigel D. White
Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press
Buch: Nuclear Non-Proliferation in International Law - Volume V
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-346-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-347-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-347-4_12

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