Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pattern Analysis and Applications 1/2007

01.02.2007 | Theoretical Advances

A writer identification and verification system using HMM based recognizers

verfasst von: Andreas Schlapbach, Horst Bunke

Erschienen in: Pattern Analysis and Applications | Ausgabe 1/2007

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper, an off-line, text independent system for writer identification and verification of handwritten text lines using Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based recognizers is presented. For each writer, an individual recognizer is built and trained on text lines of that writer. This results in a number of recognizers, each of which is an expert on the handwriting of exactly one writer. In the identification and verification phase, a text line of unknown origin is presented to each of these recognizers and each one returns a transcription that includes the log-likelihood score for the generated output. These scores are sorted and the resulting ranking is used for both identification and verification. Several confidence measures are defined on this ranking. The proposed writer identification and verification system is evaluated using different experimental setups.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
The database is publicly available at: http://​www.​iam.​unibe.​ch/​~fki/​iamDB
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Ariyaeeinia AM, Sivakumaran P (1997) Analysis and comparison of score normalization methods for text-dependent speaker verification. In: Proceedings of the 5th European conference on speech communication and technology, pp 1379–1382 Ariyaeeinia AM, Sivakumaran P (1997) Analysis and comparison of score normalization methods for text-dependent speaker verification. In: Proceedings of the 5th European conference on speech communication and technology, pp 1379–1382
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Baird HS (2003) Digital libraries and document image analysis. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 2–14 Baird HS (2003) Digital libraries and document image analysis. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 2–14
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Baird HS, Govindaraju V (eds) (2004) Proceedings of the first international workshop on document image analysis for libraries. IEEE Computer Society Baird HS, Govindaraju V (eds) (2004) Proceedings of the first international workshop on document image analysis for libraries. IEEE Computer Society
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Bensefia A, Nosary A, Paquet T, Heutte L (2002) Writer identification by writer’s invariants. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 274–279 Bensefia A, Nosary A, Paquet T, Heutte L (2002) Writer identification by writer’s invariants. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 274–279
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bensefia AT, Paquet T, Heutte L (2003) Information retrieval based writer identification. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 946–950 Bensefia AT, Paquet T, Heutte L (2003) Information retrieval based writer identification. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 946–950
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bensefia A, Paquet T, Heutte L (2004) Handwriting analysis for writer verification. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 196–201 Bensefia A, Paquet T, Heutte L (2004) Handwriting analysis for writer verification. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 196–201
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bimbot F, Chollet G (1997) Assessement of speaker verification systems. In: Gibbon D, Moore R, Winski R (eds) Handbook of standards and resources for spoken language systems. Mouton de Gruyter, pp 408–480 Bimbot F, Chollet G (1997) Assessement of speaker verification systems. In: Gibbon D, Moore R, Winski R (eds) Handbook of standards and resources for spoken language systems. Mouton de Gruyter, pp 408–480
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Bulacu M, Schomaker L, Vuurpijl L (2003) Writer identification using edge-based directional features. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 937–941 Bulacu M, Schomaker L, Vuurpijl L (2003) Writer identification using edge-based directional features. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 937–941
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Bunke H (2003) Recognition of cursive Roman handwriting–past, present and future. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 448–461 Bunke H (2003) Recognition of cursive Roman handwriting–past, present and future. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 448–461
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cha SH, Srihari S (2000) Multiple feature integration for writer verification. In: Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 333–342 Cha SH, Srihari S (2000) Multiple feature integration for writer verification. In: Proceedings of the 7th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 333–342
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Günter S, Bunke H (2004) HMM-based handwritten word recognition: on the optimization of the number of states, training iterations and Gaussian components. Pattern Recogn 37:2069–2079CrossRef Günter S, Bunke H (2004) HMM-based handwritten word recognition: on the optimization of the number of states, training iterations and Gaussian components. Pattern Recogn 37:2069–2079CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hertel C, Bunke H (2003) A set of novel features for writer identification. In: Kittler J, Nixon M (eds) Audio-and video-based biometric person authentication, pp 679–687 Hertel C, Bunke H (2003) A set of novel features for writer identification. In: Kittler J, Nixon M (eds) Audio-and video-based biometric person authentication, pp 679–687
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain A, Hong L, Pankanti S (2000) Biometric identification. Commun ACM 43:91–98CrossRef Jain A, Hong L, Pankanti S (2000) Biometric identification. Commun ACM 43:91–98CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Jain AK, Bolle R, Pankanti S (eds) (2002) Biometrics–personal identification in networked society. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Jain AK, Bolle R, Pankanti S (eds) (2002) Biometrics–personal identification in networked society. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Kittler J, Nixon MS (eds) (2003) Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Kittler J, Nixon MS (eds) (2003) Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Leclerc F, Plamondon R (1994) Automatic signature verification: the state of the art 1989–1993. In: Plamondon R (ed) Progress in automatic signature verification. World Scientific Publication Co, Singapore, pp 13–19 Leclerc F, Plamondon R (1994) Automatic signature verification: the state of the art 1989–1993. In: Plamondon R (ed) Progress in automatic signature verification. World Scientific Publication Co, Singapore, pp 13–19
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Leedham G, Chachra S (2003) Writer identification using innovative binarised features of handwritten numerals. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 413–417 Leedham G, Chachra S (2003) Writer identification using innovative binarised features of handwritten numerals. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 413–417
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Marti U-V, Bunke H (2001) Using a statistical language model to improve the performance of an HMM-based cursive handwriting recognition system. Int J Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 15:65–90CrossRef Marti U-V, Bunke H (2001) Using a statistical language model to improve the performance of an HMM-based cursive handwriting recognition system. Int J Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 15:65–90CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Marti U-V, Bunke H (2002) The IAM–database: an English sentence database for off-line handwriting recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 5:39–46CrossRef Marti U-V, Bunke H (2002) The IAM–database: an English sentence database for off-line handwriting recognition. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 5:39–46CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Marukatat S, Artières T, Gallinari P, Dorizzi B (2002) Rejection measures for handwriting sentence recognition. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 25–29 Marukatat S, Artières T, Gallinari P, Dorizzi B (2002) Rejection measures for handwriting sentence recognition. In: Proceedings of the 8th international conference on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 25–29
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Nosary A, Heutte L, Paquet T, Lecourtier Y (1999) Defining writer’s invariants to adapt the recognition task. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 765–768 Nosary A, Heutte L, Paquet T, Lecourtier Y (1999) Defining writer’s invariants to adapt the recognition task. In: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on document analysis and recognition, pp 765–768
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Plamondon R, Lorette G (1989) Automatic signature verification and writer identification–the state of the art. In Pattern Recognition, vol 22, pp 107–131 Plamondon R, Lorette G (1989) Automatic signature verification and writer identification–the state of the art. In Pattern Recognition, vol 22, pp 107–131
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabiner LR (1989) A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 77, pp 257–285 Rabiner LR (1989) A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE, vol 77, pp 257–285
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenberg AE, Delong J, Huang CH, Soong FK (1992) The use of cohort normalized scores for speaker verification. In: Proceedings of the international conference on spoken language processing, pp 599–602 Rosenberg AE, Delong J, Huang CH, Soong FK (1992) The use of cohort normalized scores for speaker verification. In: Proceedings of the international conference on spoken language processing, pp 599–602
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Said HES, Tan T, Baker K (2000) Personal identification based on handwriting. Pattern Recogn 33:149–160CrossRef Said HES, Tan T, Baker K (2000) Personal identification based on handwriting. Pattern Recogn 33:149–160CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2004) Off-line handwriting identification using HMM based recognizers. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on pattern recognition, vol 2, pp 654–658 Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2004) Off-line handwriting identification using HMM based recognizers. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on pattern recognition, vol 2, pp 654–658
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2004) Using HMM based recognizers for writer identification and verification. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 167–172 Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2004) Using HMM based recognizers for writer identification and verification. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 167–172
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2005) Writer identification using an HMM-based handwriting recognition system: to normalize the input or not? In: Proceedings of the 12th conference of the international graphonomics society, pp 138–142 Schlapbach A, Bunke H (2005) Writer identification using an HMM-based handwriting recognition system: to normalize the input or not? In: Proceedings of the 12th conference of the international graphonomics society, pp 138–142
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Schomaker L, Bulacu M (2004) Automatic writer identification using connected-component contours and edge-based features of uppercase western script. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mac Intell 26:787–798CrossRef Schomaker L, Bulacu M (2004) Automatic writer identification using connected-component contours and edge-based features of uppercase western script. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mac Intell 26:787–798CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Schomaker L, Bulacu M, Franke K (2004) Automatic writer identification using fragmented connected-component contours. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 185–190 Schomaker L, Bulacu M, Franke K (2004) Automatic writer identification using fragmented connected-component contours. In: Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on frontiers in handwriting recognition, pp 185–190
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Srihari S, Shi Z (2004) Forensic handwritten document retrieval system. In: Proceedings of the first international workshop on document image analysis for libraries, pp 188–194 Srihari S, Shi Z (2004) Forensic handwritten document retrieval system. In: Proceedings of the first international workshop on document image analysis for libraries, pp 188–194
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinherz T, Rivlin E, Intrator N (1999) Off-line cursive script word recognition–a survey. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 2:90–110CrossRef Steinherz T, Rivlin E, Intrator N (1999) Off-line cursive script word recognition–a survey. Int J Doc Anal Recogn 2:90–110CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Young S, Evermann G, Kershaw D, Moore G, Odell J, Ollason D, Povey D, Valtchev V, Woodland P (2002) The HTK Book Young S, Evermann G, Kershaw D, Moore G, Odell J, Ollason D, Povey D, Valtchev V, Woodland P (2002) The HTK Book
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang B, Srihari SN, Lee S (2003) Individuality of handwritten characters. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, vol 7, pp 1086–1090 Zhang B, Srihari SN, Lee S (2003) Individuality of handwritten characters. In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on document analysis and recognition, vol 7, pp 1086–1090
35.
Zurück zum Zitat EN Zois, Anastassopoulos V (2000) Morphological waveform coding for writer identification. Pattern Recogn 33:385–398CrossRef EN Zois, Anastassopoulos V (2000) Morphological waveform coding for writer identification. Pattern Recogn 33:385–398CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A writer identification and verification system using HMM based recognizers
verfasst von
Andreas Schlapbach
Horst Bunke
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2007
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Pattern Analysis and Applications / Ausgabe 1/2007
Print ISSN: 1433-7541
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-755X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-006-0047-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2007

Pattern Analysis and Applications 1/2007 Zur Ausgabe

Premium Partner