Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 3/2016

01.04.2016 | Original Research

Earnings management in the electric utility industry: profit incentives

verfasst von: Shiyou Li, Emeka Nwaeze, Jennifer Yin

Erschienen in: Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting | Ausgabe 3/2016

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Electric utilities face profit regulation tied explicitly to accounting data. Under existing rate structure, the utilities are required to provide periodic and specialized accounting reports for use in rate decisions. Consumer groups and opponents often criticize the rate structure alleging possible alteration of accounting reports by utilities to gain favorable regulation. Nonetheless, there is little empirical evidence supporting the allegation. This study investigates profit incentives for earnings management by utilities seeking rate increases. Specifically, this study investigates whether electric utilities proactively adopt profit-reducing actions before and during rate requests. The results are consistent with strategic use of accounting methods to reduce reported profits immediately before and during rate requests. The evidence supports the notion that utilities reduce profits just before and during rate reviews to relax regulatory constraints and improve profit opportunities.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Fußnoten
1
The analysis in these papers primarily focuses on banks and financial institutions. See also, Moyer 1990; Beatty et al. 1995; Collins et al. 1995; and Scholes et al. 1990.
 
2
The shock to the oil industry in the 1970s demonstrated the ineffectiveness of traditional regime in controlling costs. During the period, the OPEC oil embargo led to high production costs for utilities. As a result, utility rates rose sharply, prompting public demand for greater accountability by utilities.
 
3
FERC certifies two classes of generators as qualifying facility (QF) to gain the PURPA benefits: a small power producer and a cogenerator. A qualifying small producer is determined with reference to fuel use, efficiency, and reliability. Cogeneration is the dual production of both electric energy and steam.
 
4
We conducted analysis on ROE, and the results are similar to those of ROA, supporting the hypothesis 1.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Abdel-Khalik RA (1988) Incentives for accruing costs and efficiency in regulated monopolies subject to ROE constraint. J Acc Res 26(Supplement):144–174CrossRef Abdel-Khalik RA (1988) Incentives for accruing costs and efficiency in regulated monopolies subject to ROE constraint. J Acc Res 26(Supplement):144–174CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Archer SH (1981) The regulatory effects on cost of capital in electric utilities. Public Utilities Fortnightly (February): 36–39 Archer SH (1981) The regulatory effects on cost of capital in electric utilities. Public Utilities Fortnightly (February): 36–39
Zurück zum Zitat Averch H, Johnson LL (1962) Behavior of the firm under regulatory constraint. Am Econ Rev 52(December):1052–1069 Averch H, Johnson LL (1962) Behavior of the firm under regulatory constraint. Am Econ Rev 52(December):1052–1069
Zurück zum Zitat Baron DP, De Bondt RR (1981) On the design of regulatory price adjustment mechanism. J Econ Theory 24(February):70–94CrossRef Baron DP, De Bondt RR (1981) On the design of regulatory price adjustment mechanism. J Econ Theory 24(February):70–94CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beatty A, Chamberlain SL, Magliolo J (1995) Managing financial reports of commercial banks: the influence of taxes, regulatory capital, and earnings. J Acc Res 33(autumn):231–261CrossRef Beatty A, Chamberlain SL, Magliolo J (1995) Managing financial reports of commercial banks: the influence of taxes, regulatory capital, and earnings. J Acc Res 33(autumn):231–261CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bell J (2011) AEP getting push-back from business coalition over rate increase. Columbus Business First, New York Bell J (2011) AEP getting push-back from business coalition over rate increase. Columbus Business First, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Blacconiere WG, Johnson MF, Johnson MS (1997) Stranded costs in the electric utility industry. J Acc Audit Financ 12(Summer):199–219 Blacconiere WG, Johnson MF, Johnson MS (1997) Stranded costs in the electric utility industry. J Acc Audit Financ 12(Summer):199–219
Zurück zum Zitat Byard D, Hossain M, Mitra S (2007) US oil companies’ earnings management in response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita. J Acc Public Policy 26:733–748CrossRef Byard D, Hossain M, Mitra S (2007) US oil companies’ earnings management in response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita. J Acc Public Policy 26:733–748CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cahan SF (1992) The effect of antitrust investigations on discretionary accruals: a refined test of the political cost hypothesis. Acc Rev 67(January):77–95 Cahan SF (1992) The effect of antitrust investigations on discretionary accruals: a refined test of the political cost hypothesis. Acc Rev 67(January):77–95
Zurück zum Zitat Carpenter A (2004) Financial reporting: focus on red flags, ask questions to spot accounting fraud, experts advise. Kennedy Information Inc, Arlington Carpenter A (2004) Financial reporting: focus on red flags, ask questions to spot accounting fraud, experts advise. Kennedy Information Inc, Arlington
Zurück zum Zitat Chin CL, Lin TT, Lee CC (2005) Convertible bonds issuance terms, management forecast, and earnings management: evidence from Taiwan market. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 8(3):543–571CrossRef Chin CL, Lin TT, Lee CC (2005) Convertible bonds issuance terms, management forecast, and earnings management: evidence from Taiwan market. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 8(3):543–571CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen DA, Zarowin P (2010) Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings. J Acc Econ 50(1):2–19CrossRef Cohen DA, Zarowin P (2010) Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings. J Acc Econ 50(1):2–19CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen D, Dey A, Lys T (2008) Real and accrual based earnings management in the pre and post sarbanes oxley periods. Acc Rev 83:757–787CrossRef Cohen D, Dey A, Lys T (2008) Real and accrual based earnings management in the pre and post sarbanes oxley periods. Acc Rev 83:757–787CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Collins JH, Shackelford DA, Wahlen JM (1995) Bank differences in the coordination of regulatory capital earnings, and taxes. J Acc Res 33(Autumn):263–291CrossRef Collins JH, Shackelford DA, Wahlen JM (1995) Bank differences in the coordination of regulatory capital earnings, and taxes. J Acc Res 33(Autumn):263–291CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Courville L (1974) Regulation and efficiency in the electric utility industry. Bell J Econ 5(Spring):53–74CrossRef Courville L (1974) Regulation and efficiency in the electric utility industry. Bell J Econ 5(Spring):53–74CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Crew MA, Kleindorfer PR (1979) Managerial discretion and public utility regulation. South Econ J 45(January):696–709CrossRef Crew MA, Kleindorfer PR (1979) Managerial discretion and public utility regulation. South Econ J 45(January):696–709CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dechow PM (1994) Accounting earnings and earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: the role of accounting accruals. J Acc Econ 18(September):3–42CrossRef Dechow PM (1994) Accounting earnings and earnings and cash flows as measures of firm performance: the role of accounting accruals. J Acc Econ 18(September):3–42CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dechow PM, Dichev I (2002) The quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors. Acc Rev 77(Supplement):35–59CrossRef Dechow PM, Dichev I (2002) The quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors. Acc Rev 77(Supplement):35–59CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dechow PM, Sloan RG, Sweeney AP (1995) Detecting earnings management. Acc Rev 70:193–225 Dechow PM, Sloan RG, Sweeney AP (1995) Detecting earnings management. Acc Rev 70:193–225
Zurück zum Zitat Francis B, Hasan I, Li L (2004) Abnormal real operations, real earnings management, and subsequent crashes in stock prices. Rev Quant Financ Acc. doi:10.1007/s11156-014-0468-y Francis B, Hasan I, Li L (2004) Abnormal real operations, real earnings management, and subsequent crashes in stock prices. Rev Quant Financ Acc. doi:10.​1007/​s11156-014-0468-y
Zurück zum Zitat Hagerman RL, Ratchford BT (1978) Some determinants of allowed rates of return on equity to electric utilities. Bell J Econ 3(Spring):46–55CrossRef Hagerman RL, Ratchford BT (1978) Some determinants of allowed rates of return on equity to electric utilities. Bell J Econ 3(Spring):46–55CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hall SC (1993) Political scrutiny and earnings management in the oil refining industry. J Acc Public Policy 12:325–351CrossRef Hall SC (1993) Political scrutiny and earnings management in the oil refining industry. J Acc Public Policy 12:325–351CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Han JCY, Wang SW (1998) Political costs and earnings management of oil companies during the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis. Acc Rev 73(January):103–117 Han JCY, Wang SW (1998) Political costs and earnings management of oil companies during the 1990 Persian Gulf crisis. Acc Rev 73(January):103–117
Zurück zum Zitat Healy P, Wahlen J (1999) A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Acc Horiz 13:365–383CrossRef Healy P, Wahlen J (1999) A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Acc Horiz 13:365–383CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Henry D (2001) The numbers game: companies use every trick to pump earnings and fool investors. Bus Week 3732:100–104 Henry D (2001) The numbers game: companies use every trick to pump earnings and fool investors. Bus Week 3732:100–104
Zurück zum Zitat Jones J (1991) Earnings management during import relief investigations. J Acc Res 29(Autumn):193–228CrossRef Jones J (1991) Earnings management during import relief investigations. J Acc Res 29(Autumn):193–228CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Joskow PL (1973) Pricing decisions of regulated firms: a behavioral approach. Bell J Regul 4(Fall):1–50 Joskow PL (1973) Pricing decisions of regulated firms: a behavioral approach. Bell J Regul 4(Fall):1–50
Zurück zum Zitat Joskow PL (1974) Inflation and environmental concerns: structural change in the process of public utility price regulation. J Law Econ 17(October):1–16 Joskow PL (1974) Inflation and environmental concerns: structural change in the process of public utility price regulation. J Law Econ 17(October):1–16
Zurück zum Zitat Kahn AE (1970) The economics of regulation: principles and institutions, vol 1. Wiley, New York Kahn AE (1970) The economics of regulation: principles and institutions, vol 1. Wiley, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Key KG (1997) Political cost incentives for earnings management in the cable television industry. J Acc Econ 23(November):309–337CrossRef Key KG (1997) Political cost incentives for earnings management in the cable television industry. J Acc Econ 23(November):309–337CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee TA, Ingram R, Howard T (1999) The difference between earnings and operating cash flow as an indicator of financial reporting fraud. Contemp Acc Res 16(Winter):749–786CrossRef Lee TA, Ingram R, Howard T (1999) The difference between earnings and operating cash flow as an indicator of financial reporting fraud. Contemp Acc Res 16(Winter):749–786CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Li IC, Hung JH (2013) The moderating effects of family control on the relation between managerial overconfidence and earnings management. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 16(2):1350010CrossRef Li IC, Hung JH (2013) The moderating effects of family control on the relation between managerial overconfidence and earnings management. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 16(2):1350010CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lin L, Manowan P (2012) Institutional ownership composition and earnings management. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 15(4):1250022CrossRef Lin L, Manowan P (2012) Institutional ownership composition and earnings management. Rev Pac Basin Financ Mark Policies 15(4):1250022CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McNichols M (2002) Discussion of the quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors. Acc Rev 77(Supplement):61–69CrossRef McNichols M (2002) Discussion of the quality of accruals and earnings: the role of accrual estimation errors. Acc Rev 77(Supplement):61–69CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Moyer S (1990) Capital adequacy ratio regulations and accounting choices in commercial banks. J Acc Econ 13(July):123–154CrossRef Moyer S (1990) Capital adequacy ratio regulations and accounting choices in commercial banks. J Acc Econ 13(July):123–154CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mulford C, Comiskey EE (2002) The financial numbers game: detecting creative accounting practices. Wiley, New York Mulford C, Comiskey EE (2002) The financial numbers game: detecting creative accounting practices. Wiley, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Nwaeze ET (1997a) Incentive regulation, investment decisions, and stock returns. J Acc Audit Financ 12(Fall):391–414 Nwaeze ET (1997a) Incentive regulation, investment decisions, and stock returns. J Acc Audit Financ 12(Fall):391–414
Zurück zum Zitat Nwaeze ET (1997b) Rate-of-return regulation and the behavior of the return on equity of electric utilities. J Econ Bus 49(September/November):491–510CrossRef Nwaeze ET (1997b) Rate-of-return regulation and the behavior of the return on equity of electric utilities. J Econ Bus 49(September/November):491–510CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nwaeze ET, Lulseged A (2002) Valuation relevance of allowance for funds used during construction and operating income: the effects of regulatory climates and deregulation. Rev Qunat Financ Acc 19:131–154CrossRef Nwaeze ET, Lulseged A (2002) Valuation relevance of allowance for funds used during construction and operating income: the effects of regulatory climates and deregulation. Rev Qunat Financ Acc 19:131–154CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Peltzman S (1976) Towards a more general theory of regulation. J Law Econ 19(August):211–241CrossRef Peltzman S (1976) Towards a more general theory of regulation. J Law Econ 19(August):211–241CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Petroni KR (1992) Optimistic reporting in the property casualty insurance industry. J Acc Econ 15(December):485–508CrossRef Petroni KR (1992) Optimistic reporting in the property casualty insurance industry. J Acc Econ 15(December):485–508CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Philipson L, Willis LH (2006) Understanding electric utilities and de-regulation, 2nd edn. Power engineering, Phoenix Philipson L, Willis LH (2006) Understanding electric utilities and de-regulation, 2nd edn. Power engineering, Phoenix
Zurück zum Zitat Pleat GR (2001) Revenue reporting challenges facing the new electric delivery service company. Electr J 14(8):29–35 Pleat GR (2001) Revenue reporting challenges facing the new electric delivery service company. Electr J 14(8):29–35
Zurück zum Zitat Richardson V, Waegelein JF (2002) The influence of long-term performance plans on earnings management and firm performance. Rev Quant Financ Acc 18:161–183CrossRef Richardson V, Waegelein JF (2002) The influence of long-term performance plans on earnings management and firm performance. Rev Quant Financ Acc 18:161–183CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Roychowdhury S (2006) Earnings management through real activities manipulation. J Acc Econ 42:335–370CrossRef Roychowdhury S (2006) Earnings management through real activities manipulation. J Acc Econ 42:335–370CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sappington D (1980) Strategic firm behavior under a dynamic regulatory adjustment process. Bell J Econ 11(Spring):360–372CrossRef Sappington D (1980) Strategic firm behavior under a dynamic regulatory adjustment process. Bell J Econ 11(Spring):360–372CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Scholes M, Wilson P, Wolfson M (1990) Tax planning, regulatory capital planning, and financial reporting strategy for commercial banks. Rev Financ Stud 4:625–650CrossRef Scholes M, Wilson P, Wolfson M (1990) Tax planning, regulatory capital planning, and financial reporting strategy for commercial banks. Rev Financ Stud 4:625–650CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sherman R (1989) The regulation of monopoly. Cambridge University Press, New YorkCrossRef Sherman R (1989) The regulation of monopoly. Cambridge University Press, New YorkCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stober TL (1988) Discussion of incentives for accruing costs and efficiency in regulated monopolies subject to ROE constraint. J Acc Res 26(Supplement):175–181CrossRef Stober TL (1988) Discussion of incentives for accruing costs and efficiency in regulated monopolies subject to ROE constraint. J Acc Res 26(Supplement):175–181CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stubben SR (2010) Discretionary revenues as a measure of earnings management. Acc Rev 85(2):695–717CrossRef Stubben SR (2010) Discretionary revenues as a measure of earnings management. Acc Rev 85(2):695–717CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Watts RL, Zimmerman JL (1978) Towards a positive theory of the determinants of accounting standards. Acc Rev 53(January):112–134 Watts RL, Zimmerman JL (1978) Towards a positive theory of the determinants of accounting standards. Acc Rev 53(January):112–134
Zurück zum Zitat White H (1980) Heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test of heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48(4):817–838CrossRef White H (1980) Heteroskedasticity consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test of heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 48(4):817–838CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zang A (2006) Evidence on the tradeoff between real manipulation and accrual manipulation. Working paper, University of Rochester Zang A (2006) Evidence on the tradeoff between real manipulation and accrual manipulation. Working paper, University of Rochester
Metadaten
Titel
Earnings management in the electric utility industry: profit incentives
verfasst von
Shiyou Li
Emeka Nwaeze
Jennifer Yin
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting / Ausgabe 3/2016
Print ISSN: 0924-865X
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7179
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-014-0481-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2016

Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 3/2016 Zur Ausgabe