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Social Indicators Research

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01.06.2011

The Time-Crunch Paradox

verfasst von: Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal, Almudena Sevilla-Sanz

Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research | Ausgabe 2/2011

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Abstract

Previous research has shown little difference in the average leisure time of men and women. This finding is a challenge to the second shift argument, which suggests that increases in female labor market hours have not been compensated by equal decreases in household labor. This paper presents time-use and leisure satisfaction data for a variety of western European countries, and shows that accounting for socio-economic factors that differ between men and women is vital for understanding gender differences. We find that working mothers have leisure levels that are much lower than those of working fathers and singles. Working mothers are also most likely to report the least satisfaction with free time. Finding that time stress and leisure time are positively correlated within socio-demographic groups suggests that the second shift argument is still valid, and that feelings of time stress are indeed associated with the lack of leisure time.

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See Robinson and Godbey (1999), and Bianchi et al. (2006) for evidence for the US, Beaujot (2001) for evidence for Canada, and Gershuny (2000) for evidence for Britain. A comparison of time use in 10 OECD countries replicates these findings (e.g., Bittman and Wajcman 2000).

The Harmonized European Time Use Surveys do contain information on whether individuals feel pressure for time, as do some American Time Use surveys (e.g., Robinson and Godbey 1999). However, the question of interest in this paper is about satisfaction with leisure in a broader sense, which might not be entirely captured by feelings of time stress. More importantly, all these surveys are cross-sectional studies.

Information on the variables, and on how to access the data, is available on the MTUS website: http://www.timeuse.org/mtus/. See Gauthier et al. (2002) for a full description of the MTUS documentation. We use version W5.5.2.

Interestingly, the magnitude of the female dummy reported in Sect. 3 is very similar regardless of the different definition of leisure used, which suggest that sample compositional effects play a greater role in explaining the differences in leisure time between men and women than the concept of leisure used.

A detailed description of the control variables can be found in "Appendix".

For expositional purposes we only present the results for the pooled sample in the main text. The main conclusion from the pool country regressions can be generalized to each country individually. It is beyond the scope of the present paper to categorize countries according to different behaviors. Rather, we highlight a general pattern across all countries in the sample.

Most studies have found average differences between men and women that range from about 1 to 4 h per week. The divergence across these estimates lie on the definition of leisure. For instance, Aguiar and Hurst (2007) rely on 4 definitions of leisure in their analysis, from the narrower that includes leisure activities such as Watching TV and sports, to the wider that is defined as the residual of total work. Burda et al. (2008) use one of definition of leisure that excludes the time devoted to sleep and personal care.

Leisure satisfaction has been multiplied by 100 for consistency with other columns.

The MTUS does not contain health information, making it impossible for us to test whether health is important for leisure time as well.

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Titel: The Time-Crunch Paradox
verfasst von: Jose Ignacio Gimenez-Nadal
Almudena Sevilla-Sanz
Publikationsdatum: 01.06.2011
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research / Ausgabe 2/2011
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9689-1

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