1 Introduction
2 Materials and Mixture Proportions
Physical properties | Unit | Cement | Fly ash | Blast furnace slag | Silica fume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity | g/cm3
| 3.15 | 2.35 | 2.94 | 2.32 |
Blaine | cm2/g | 3.376 | 5.102 | 4.444 | 250,653 |
Chemical properties | Unit | Cement | Fly ash | Blast furnace slag | Silica fume |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2
| % | 21.23 | 64.02 | 36.04 | 94.91 |
Al2O3
| 5.23 | 19.89 | 15.79 | 1.89 | |
Fe2O3
| 3.51 | 4.45 | 0.45 | 0.36 | |
CaO | 60.32 | 3.82 | 42.16 | 0.79 | |
MgO | 3.68 | 1.09 | 3.94 | 0.26 | |
SO3
| 1.92 | – | 1.95 | – | |
F-CaO | 1.66 | – | – | – | |
K2O | 1.06 | 1.13 | 0.50 | 0.57 | |
Na2O | 0.13 | 1.04 | 0.22 | 0.34 | |
T.A | 0.83 | – | – | – | |
LOI | 1.26 | 4.55 | 0.70 | 0.88 |
Density (g/cm3) | Water absorption (%) | Max size Dmax (%) | Unit weight (kg/m3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fine aggregate | 2.68 | 2.80 | 5 | 1662 |
Coarse aggregate | 2.78 | 1.33 | 20 | 1702 |
Specimen name | W/B | S/a | W | C | FA | BS | SF | S | G | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Unit: %) | (Unit: kg/m3) | |||||||||
Group I | FA15 | 40 | 43 | 162 | 324 | 81 | – | – | 750 | 1027 |
FA25 | 155 | 291 | 97 | – | – | 762 | 1044 | |||
SF5 | 155 | 368 | – | – | 19 | 772 | 1057 | |||
BS25 + FA25 | 155 | 194 | 97 | 97 | – | 760 | 1041 | |||
BS30 + FA30 | 155 | 155 | 116 | 116 | – | 757 | 1037 | |||
BS50 | 155 | 194 | – | 194 | – | 769 | 1054 | |||
BS65 + SF5 | 155 | 116 | – | 252 | 19 | 765 | 1048 | |||
Group II | FA25 | 34 | 39 | 155 | 342 | 114 | – | – | 667 | 1078 |
SF5 | 155 | 433 | – | – | 23 | 677 | 1094 | |||
BS25 + FA25 | 155 | 228 | 114 | 114 | – | 664 | 1073 | |||
BS30 + FA30 | 155 | 182 | 137 | 137 | – | 661 | 1069 | |||
BS50 | 155 | 228 | – | 228 | – | 674 | 1090 | |||
BS65 + SF5 | 155 | 137 | – | 296 | 23 | 670 | 1083 | |||
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 28 | 39 | 155 | 388 | 138 | – | 28 | 628 | 1016 |
SF5 | 155 | 526 | – | – | 28 | 644 | 1041 | |||
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 155 | 277 | 111 | 138 | 28 | 628 | 1016 | |||
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 155 | 221 | 138 | 166 | 28 | 624 | 1009 | |||
BS45 + SF5 | 155 | 277 | – | 249 | 28 | 638 | 1032 | |||
BS65 + SF5 | 155 | 137 | – | 296 | 23 | 670 | 1083 |
3 Specimen and Test Method
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Slump Flow and Air Content
Specimen name | Slump (Unit: mm) | Air content (Unit: %) | |
---|---|---|---|
Group I | FA15 | 135 | 3.8 |
FA25 | 180 | 4.4 | |
SF5 | 180 | 3.5 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 185 | 3.3 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 210 | 3.7 | |
BS50 | 210 | 3.5 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 170 | 4.0 | |
Group II | FA25 | 215 | 4.0 |
SF5 | 180 | 3.6 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 210 | 3.3 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 215 | 3.2 | |
BS50 | 205 | 4.0 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 190 | 4.0 | |
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 530 | 3.9 |
SF5 | 510 | 3.6 | |
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 580 | 3.3 | |
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 530 | 3.7 | |
BS45 + SF5 | 510 | 3.2 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 600 | 3.3 |
4.2 Concrete Compressive Strength
Specimen name | Water-binder (W/B) ratio (%) | Compressive strength (Unit: MPa) | Ratio of compressive strength at 7 days to strength at 28, 56 and 91 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 56 days | 91 days | 7/28 | 7/56 | 7/91 | |||
Group I | FA15 | 40 | 35.2 | 44.6 | 52.2 | 55.6 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.63 |
FA25 | 31.1 | 41.2 | 45.3 | 48.8 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.64 | ||
SF5 | 53.0 | 63.9 | 71.5 | 71.9 | 0.83 | 0.74 | 0.74 | ||
BS25 + FA25 | 23.0 | 42.9 | 53.9 | 60.2 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.38 | ||
BS30 + FA30 | 15.8 | 36.3 | 41.7 | 51.0 | 0.44 | 0.38 | 0.31 | ||
BS50 | 25.8 | 48.9 | 57.5 | 67.1 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.38 | ||
BS65 + SF5 | 19.4 | 40.4 | 50.2 | 56.4 | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.34 | ||
Group II | FA25 | 34 | 41.0 | 50.4 | 53.3 | 63.6 | 0.81 | 0.77 | 0.64 |
SF5 | 64.5 | 72.8 | 84.6 | 86.1 | 0.89 | 0.76 | 0.75 | ||
BS25 + FA25 | 29.5 | 53.5 | 65.3 | 70.4 | 0.55 | 0.45 | 0.42 | ||
BS30 + FA30 | 21.1 | 45.8 | 56.3 | 60.9 | 0.46 | 0.37 | 0.35 | ||
BS50 | 29.8 | 53.4 | 65.7 | 69.3 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.43 | ||
BS65 + SF5 | 26.2 | 55.7 | 68.4 | 69.3 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.38 | ||
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 28 | 53.6 | 73.2 | 77.7 | 80.6 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.67 |
SF5 | 73.6 | 83.6 | 90.9 | 93.2 | 0.88 | 0.81 | 0.81 | ||
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 43.2 | 73.7 | 83.9 | 88.3 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.49 | ||
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 29.6 | 57.4 | 63.7 | 73.0 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.41 | ||
BS45 + SF5 | 46.3 | 76.5 | 85.0 | 89.4 | 0.61 | 0.54 | 0.52 | ||
BS65 + SF5 | 37.4 | 72.5 | 80.6 | 81.6 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.46 |
4.3 The Relationship Between 7 and 28 days Compressive Strength
4.4 Splitting Tensile Strength
Specimen name | Splitting tensile strength (Unit: MPa) | Ratio of tensile strength at 7 days to strength at 28, 56 and 91 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 56 days | 91 days | 7/28 | 7/56 | 7/91 | ||
Group I | FA15 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 0.97 | 0.87 | 0.85 |
FA25 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.72 | |
SF5 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.84 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.48 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 1.5 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.33 | |
BS50 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.52 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.8 | 0.57 | 0.49 | 0.44 | |
Group II | FA25 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.79 |
SF5 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.81 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 2.7 | 4.1 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.50 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.45 | |
BS50 | 2.9 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 0.62 | 0.54 | 0.53 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.49 | |
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 4.2 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.71 |
SF5 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 0.96 | 0.94 | 0.83 | |
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 6.0 | 0.73 | 0.66 | 0.58 | |
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 5.6 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.50 | |
BS45 + SF5 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.71 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.58 |
4.5 The Relationship Between Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength
4.6 Modulus of Elasticity
Mechanical property | Code | Estimating model |
---|---|---|
Modulus of elasticity | ACI 318-11 |
\( E_{c} = 4733\sqrt {f_{c}^{{\prime }} } \)
|
CEB-FIP, KCI-11 |
\( E_{c} = 8500 \cdot \sqrt {f^{\prime}_{c} + 8} \)
| |
EN 1991
|
\( E_{c} = 22\left( {{{f_{cm} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{f_{cm} } {10}}} \right. \kern-0pt} {10}}} \right)^{0.3} \)
| |
NZS 3101:1995 |
\( E_{C} = 3320\sqrt {f_{c}^{{\prime }} } + 6900 \)
| |
CSA A23.3-04 |
\( E_{C} = 4500\sqrt {f_{c}^{{\prime }} } \)
|
Specimen name | Modulus of elasticity | Ratio of modulus of elasticity at 7 days to observed values at 28, 56 and 91 days | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 56 days | 91 days | 7/28 | 7/56 | 7/91 | ||
Group I | FA15 | 24.9 | 26.3 | 27.1 | 28.0 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.89 |
FA25 | 23.6 | 25.5 | 29.8 | 30.8 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.77 | |
SF5 | 27.8 | 30.2 | 33.8 | 34.2 | 0.92 | 0.82 | 0.81 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 20.4 | 26.8 | 21.0 | 32.2 | 0.76 | 0.97 | 0.63 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 13.8 | 22.9 | 25.1 | 26.9 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.51 | |
BS50 | 21.9 | 24.2 | 29.7 | 31.2 | 0.90 | 0.74 | 0.70 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 19.6 | 21.7 | 26.0 | 28.1 | 0.90 | 0.75 | 0.70 | |
Group II | FA25 | 25.9 | 27.1 | 30.9 | 32.4 | 0.96 | 0.84 | 0.80 |
SF5 | 33.0 | 33.4 | 35.7 | 36.0 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.92 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 20.7 | 31.0 | 32.3 | 32.6 | 0.67 | 0.64 | 0.63 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 18.0 | 24.1 | 28.8 | 30.2 | 0.75 | 0.63 | 0.60 | |
BS50 | 19.0 | 25.8 | 30.8 | 32.0 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.59 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 20.1 | 21.7 | 28.3 | 30.2 | 0.93 | 0.71 | 0.67 | |
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 27.9 | 30.2 | 31.2 | 33.2 | 0.92 | 0.89 | 0.84 |
SF5 | 33.3 | 35.9 | 35.9 | 36.7 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.91 | |
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 26.5 | 34.6 | 34.7 | 35.0 | 0.77 | 0.76 | 0.76 | |
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 18.7 | 24.6 | 31.5 | 33.2 | 0.76 | 0.59 | 0.56 | |
BS45 + SF5 | 25.1 | 30.8 | 33.6 | 35.2 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.71 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 21.4 | 30.7 | 34.3 | 34.6 | 0.70 | 0.62 | 0.62 |
4.7 Poisson’s Ratio
Specimen name | Poisson’s ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7 days | 28 days | 56 days | 91 days | ||
Group I | FA15 | 0.195 | 0.205 | 0.209 | 0.209 |
FA25 | 0.149 | 0.184 | 0.209 | 0.193 | |
SF5 | 0.205 | 0.228 | 0.228 | 0.236 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 0.194 | 0.199 | 0.203 | 0.208 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 0.101 | 0.178 | 0.184 | 0.207 | |
BS50 | 0.187 | 0.195 | 0.206 | 0.211 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 0.159 | 0.181 | 0.199 | 0.201 | |
Group II | FA25 | 0.157 | 0.181 | 0.214 | 0.220 |
SF5 | 0.216 | 0.224 | 0.225 | 0.226 | |
BS25 + FA25 | 0.195 | 0.200 | 0.206 | 0.210 | |
BS30 + FA30 | 0.175 | 0.202 | 0.204 | 0.204 | |
BS50 | 0.188 | 0.200 | 0.201 | 0.212 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 0.179 | 0.195 | 0.201 | 0.204 | |
Group III | FA25 + SF5 | 0.195 | 0.203 | 0.207 | 0.220 |
SF5 | 0.229 | 0.230 | 0.230 | 0.233 | |
BS25 + FA20 + SF5 | 0.201 | 0.219 | 0.222 | 0.228 | |
BS30 + FA25 + SF5 | 0.186 | 0.202 | 0.205 | 0.210 | |
BS45 + SF5 | 0.191 | 0.216 | 0.220 | 0.222 | |
BS65 + SF5 | 0.181 | 0.209 | 0.210 | 0.211 |