Machine Vision for Industrial Applications

Machine Vision is related to, but distinct from Computer Vision, Image Processing, Artificial Intelligence & Pattern Recognition. The subject is concerned with the engineering of integrated mechanical-optical-electronic-software systems for examining natural objects and materials, human artifacts and manufacturing processes, in order to detect defects and improve quality, operating efficiency and the safety of both products and processes. It is also used to control machines used in manufacturing. Machine Vision necessarily involves the harmonious integration of mechanical handling, lighting, optics, video cameras, image sensors (visible, UV, IR and X-ray sensor arrays, as well as laser scanners), digital, analogue and video electronics, signal processing, image processing, computer systems architecture, software, industrial engineering, human-computer interfacing, control systems, manufacturing, existing work practices and quality assurance methods. Machine Vision is not a scientific endeavour; it is a branch of Systems Engineering. Hence, consideration of application requirements pays a key role in the design of practical vision systems. The basic philosophy of Machine Vision is set out in this chapter and the structure of this book is outlined. This is a pragmatic, empirical, experimental subject and is not unduly burdened by the search for mathematical rigour, or theoretical purity. There is one simple design maxim: if it works, use it! This is justified here by consideration of lessons learned from four practical application studies. Later in the book these same ideas will emerge many times over.