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2011 | Buch

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Mass Spectrometry

A Textbook

verfasst von: Jürgen H. Gross

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This highly successful textbook, acclaimed for its comprehensiveness, accuracy, and its many excellent illustrations and photographs now comes in its second edition. Completely revised and substantially extended it offers:

– New chapter on Tandem Mass Spectrometry covering instrumentation, methods for ion activation (CID, ECD, ETD, IRMPD), and applications

– New chapter on Ambient Mass Spectrometry (DART, DESI, and more)

– New chapter on Inorganic Mass Spectrometry including element speciation and imaging

– Learning Objectives for all chapters

– Advanced Instrumentation such as orbitraps, linear ion traps, tandem TOFs, FT-ICR and the highly variable hybrid instruments

– Updated Problems and Solutions website (www.ms-textbook.com)

Jürgen H. Gross provides in-depth explanations of concepts, methods, and techniques. Students and professionals alike are guided step-by-step from the basics to the successful application of mass spectrometry. Starting from the very principles of gas-phase ion chemistry, isotopic composition, and accurate mass, Jürgen H. Gross leads through the design of all types of mass analyzers and ionization methods to mass spectral interpretation and coupling techniques. His book offers a balanced mixture of practice-oriented information and theoretical background supported by a wealth of references.

From reviews of the previous edition:

“…one of the best textbooks on mass spectrometry I have seen so far.” International Journal of Mass Spectrometry

“…can be recommended unreservedly as a textbook and reference source…” Angewandte Chemie, International Edition

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

1. Introduction

Abstract

Mass spectrometry is an indispensable analytical tool in chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacy, medicine, and many related fields of science. No student, researcher or practitioner in these disciplines can really get by without a substantial knowledge of mass spectrometry.

Jürgen H. Gross

2. Principles of Ionization and Ion Dissociation

Abstract

The mass spectrometer can be regarded as a kind of chemical laboratory, especially designed to study ions in the gas phase [1,2]. In addition to the task it is commonly used for – creation of mass spectra for a generally analytical purpose – it allows for the examination of fragmentation pathways of selected ions, for the study of ion–neutral reactions and more.

Jürgen H. Gross

3. Isotopic Composition and Accurate Mass

Abstract

In the context of general chemistry we rarely pay attention to the different isotopes of the individual elements involved in a reaction. For instance, the molecular mass of tribromomethane, CHBr₃, is usually calculated as 252.73 g mol⁻¹ on the basis of relative atomic mass from the Periodic Table.

Jürgen H. Gross

4. Instrumentation

Abstract

“A modern mass spectrometer is constructed from elements which approach the state-of-the-art in solid-state electronics, vacuum systems, magnet design, precision machining, and computerized data acquisition and processing” [1]. This is and has ever been a fully valid statement about mass spectrometers.

Jürgen H. Gross

5. Practical Aspects of Electron Ionization

Abstract

The use of electron ionization (EI) [1] dates back to the infancy of mass spectrometry in the early 20th century. Before, only spark source (SS), glow discharge (GD), and thermal ionization (TI) had been in use (Chap. 15) [2]. In electron ionization, energetic electrons are shot onto gaseous neutrals to effect their ionization.

Jürgen H. Gross

6. Fragmentation of Organic Ions and Interpretation of EI Mass Spectra

Abstract

The following chapter introduces one of the key disciplines of organic mass spectrometry: the common fragmentation pathways of organic ions and the resulting methodology for the interpretation of electron ionization (EI) mass spectra.

Jürgen H. Gross

7. Chemical Ionization

Abstract

Mass spectrometrists have ever been searching for ionization methods softer than EI, because molecular weight determination is key for structure elucidation. Chemical ionization (CI) is the first of the so-called soft ionization methods we are going to discuss (cf. Fig. 1.2).

Jürgen H. Gross

8. Field Ionization and Field Desorption

Abstract

The first observation of the desorption of positive ions from surfaces by high electrostatic fields was made by means of a field ion microscope [1,2]. The mass spectrometric analysis of some field-ionized gases followed soon [2-4].

Jürgen H. Gross

9. Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Electron ionization mass spectra show a wealth of fragment ion peaks allowing to retrieve structural information, often though at the expense of abundance of the molecular ion. For decades, EI has served as the one and only ionization method of organic mass spectrometry. With the advent of soft ionization methods such as CI or FD we just dealt with, spectra exhibiting minor or even no fragment ion signals could be generated. While highly advantageous at first sight, in the long run, the lack of structural information presents a severe drawback for analytical applications.

Jürgen H. Gross

10. Fast Atom Bombardment

Abstract

When particles of kilo- or even megaelectronvolt kinetic energy are impinging on a surface, they cause the ejection of large numbers of neutrals and some ions from the surface material exposed to their bombardment.

Jürgen H. Gross

11. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization

Abstract

The technique of laser desorption/ionization (LDI) was introduced in the late 1960s [1-3], long before the advent of field desorption (FD, Chap. 8), californium plasma desorption (²⁵²Cf-PD, Chap. 10.7) or fast atom bombardment (FAB, Chap. 10).

Jürgen H. Gross

12. Electrospray Ionization

Abstract

Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most prominent technique among the group of atmospheric pressure ionization (API) methods and the leading method of choice for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupling (LC-MS, Chap. 14) [1-4].

Jürgen H. Gross

13. Ambient Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

All methods for the generation of ions for mass spectrometry described up to this point require the analyte for ionization to be presented either directly under high vacuum (EI, CI, FI, FD) or contained in a sort of solution from which ions are to be extracted into or generated in the gas phase (FAB, LDI, MALDI). Even the atmospheric pressure ionization techniques employ processes that create ions from dilute (solid) solutions of the sample (ESI, APCI, APPI, AP-MALDI). This chapter deals with the manifold methods and interfaces which are allowing to overcome these limitations, and which have developed at a breathtaking pace within the short time since the publication of the first edition of this book.

Jürgen H. Gross

14. Hyphenated Methods

Abstract

The analysis of complex mixtures generally requires the combination of both separation techniques and mass spectrometry [1-3]. The first step in this direction was made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupling [4].

Jürgen H. Gross

15. Inorganic Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Mass spectrometry resulted from an endeavor to analyze gaseous ionic matter. The discovery of isotopes and the determination of their masses and relative abundances, i.e., isotope ratios, were a direct result of the pioneering work of Thomson, Aston, Dempster, and many others [1,2]. Soon, the results of such measurements became the driving force for new discoveries in physics.

Jürgen H. Gross

Backmatter

Titel: Mass Spectrometry
verfasst von: Jürgen H. Gross
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-10711-5
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-10709-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-10711-5