34. Metering and Monitoring

In order to efficiently operate the substation, it is important to know the values of certain key parameters such as the voltage on the bus bars and the current in the circuits together with the values of real and reactive power flowing. Furthermore, it is necessary to know accurately the value of energy transmitted between one utility and another at the point of sale. When faults occur, then establishing the location of the fault may be needed. Additionally, analogue traces of currents and voltages linked to an accurate sequence of events can be very useful in analyzing the cause of the fault. In order to know that all of the equipment is operating correctly and not in need of maintenance, then supervision of the equipment together with suitable monitoring systems may be required. This section deals with these aspects.