nach oben

Social Indicators Research

Erschienen in:

12.02.2018

Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivation and Fragility Patterns of Migrants in Lombardy, Using Partially Ordered Sets and Self-Organizing Maps

verfasst von: Alberto Arcagni, Elisa Barbiano di Belgiojoso, Marco Fattore, Stefania M. L. Rimoldi

Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research | Ausgabe 2/2019

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

In this paper, we present a multidimensional fuzzy analysis of the levels and the patterns of poverty and social fragility of migrants’ families, in the Italian region of Lombardy, in year 2014. Migrants’ poverty emerges as a complex trait, better described as a stratification of nuanced patterns than in black and white terms; Lombard migrants are in fact affected, to different extents, by “a diffused sharing of deprivation facets” and cannot be trivially split into deprived and non-deprived. The paper employs innovative data analysis tools from the Theory of Partially Ordered Sets; compared to mainstream monetary approaches, this leads to more realistic estimates of poverty diffusion and eliminates some well-known biases of standard evaluation procedures, providing strong support to the use of partial order concepts and tools in social evaluation studies.

Vorheriger Artikel Poverty Impact of Variations in Within-group and Between-group Inequality in Nigeria: New Estimates Using Two Household Survey Data

Nächster Artikel Comparing the Performance of National Educational Systems: Inequality Versus Achievement?

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

The terms “poverty” and “deprivation” are, in principle, not equivalent; the first may globally refer to monetary, material, relational and subjective problems or suffering, while the second refers more specifically to material aspects (“material deprivation”). However, in this paper, we use them interchangeably, to ease the reading and given that the attributes considered in the study, directly or indirectly, have to do with migrants’ economic capabilities.

For Italy, the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) estimates the relative poverty based on a poverty line (International Standard of Poverty Line—ISPL) defining as poor a family of two components with a consumption expenditure level lower or equal to the mean per-capita consumption expenditure. To define the relative poverty line for different family sizes, the Carbonaro equivalence scale, that assigns a unitary weight to a two-member family, is used.

ORIM stands for “Osservatorio regionale per l’integrazione e la multietnicità?” (“Regional observatory on integration and multietnicity”).

The overall response rate for each question is quite high. The only exception is the family income question with nearly \(22\%\) of missing information.

Let \(x_L\) and \(x_H\) be the distributions of x in the half population with lower and higher x scores respectively, \(\mu (x)\) be the arithmetic mean of x, \(\mu _{L}(x)\) and \(\mu _{H}(x)\) be the arithmetic means of \(x_L\) and \(x_H\), then \(G_B(x)=(\mu _{H}(x)-\mu _{L}(x))/4\mu (x)\) and \(G_W(x)=[G(x_L)\mu _L(x)/\mu (x)+G(x_H)\mu _H(x)/\mu (x)]/4\), where G(x) is the Gini coefficient (Yalonetzky 2016).

To apply such a traditional monetary procedure to the ORIM 2014 data, the poverty line for a two-member family has been set to the mean Italian per-capita income, according to the estimate of Bank of Italy for year 2014 (2015); poverty lines for families with a different number of members have been computed according to the equivalence scale reported in Table 1.

The selection of \(\pi _{\ell }\) and \(\pi _{u}\) must satisfy a consistency condition, which basically states that the two thresholds must imply each other. In the original posetic procedure (Fattore 2016), the upper threshold is univocally defined based on the lower one, so as to meet the consistency condition, by construction. Here, instead, we set the two thresholds independently, apparently violating the consistency requirement. In "Appendix 2", we show how the evaluation procedure has been slightly modified, so as to restore the required condition. This represents a non-trivial methodological improvement, which makes the evaluation procedure more flexible and effective.

Aaberge, R., Andersen, A. S., & Wennemo, T. (1999). Extent, level and distribution of low income in Norway 1979 1995. In B. Gustafsson & P. J. Pedersen (Eds.), Poverty and low income in the nordic countries (pp. 131–168). Vermont: Ashgate.

Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7–8), 476–487.CrossRef

Annoni, P., & Bruggemann, R. (2009). Exploring partial order of European Countries. Social Indicators Research, 92, 471–487.CrossRef

Annoni, P., Fattore, M., & Bruggemann, R. (2011). A multi-criteria fuzzy approach for analyzing poverty structure (pp. 7–30). Statistica & Applicazioni (Special Issue).

Arcagni, A., & Fattore, M. (2014). PARSEC: An R package for poset-based evaluation of multidimensional poverty. In R. Bruggemann, L. Carlsen, & J. Wittmann (Eds.), Multi-indicator systems and modelling in partial order. Berlin: Springer.

Badinger, H., & Reuter, W. H. (2015). Measurement of fiscal rules: introducing the application of partially ordered set (POSET) theory. Journal of Macroeconomics, 43, 108–123.CrossRef

Baio, G., Blangiardo, G. C., & Blangiardo, M. (2011). Centre Sampling Technique in Foreign Migration Surveys: aMethodological Note. Journal of Official Statistics, 27(3), 451–465.

Bank of Italy. (2015). Supplementi al bollettino statistico. Indagini campionarie. I bilanci nelle famiglie Italiane nellanno 2014. Year XXV(64).

Barbiano di Belgiojoso, E., & Rimoldi, S. (2005). Povertá e immigrazione straniera: resoconto dellesperienza di unindagine pilota nella realtá lombarda. In G. Rovati (Ed.), Le dimensioni della povertá. Strumenti di misura e politiche. Roma: Carocci.

Barbiano di Belgiojoso, E., Chelli, F. M., & Paterno, A. (2009). Povertá e standard di vita della popolazione straniera in Lombardia [Poverty and living standard of foreign population in Lombardy Region]. Rivista Italiana diEconomia, Demografia e Statistica, LXIII, 3(4), 23–30.

Bárcena-Martìn, E., & Pérez-Moreno, S. (2016). Immigrant-native gap in poverty: A cross-national European perspective. Review of Economics of the Household. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11150-015-9321-x (published online).

Berti, F., D’Agostino, A., Lemmi, A., & Neri, A. (2014). Poverty and deprivation of migrants versus natives in Italy. International Journal of Social Economics, 41(8), 630–649.CrossRef

Blangiardo, G. C. (2008). (Ed.). L’immigrazione straniera in Lombardia. La settima indagine regionale. Rapporto 2007. Milano: ISMU-ORIM.

Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J., & Verner, M. (2003). A tale of two countries: Poverty among migrants in Denmark and Sweden since 1984. UNU/WIDER Discussion Paper, 2003/36.

Blume, K., Gustafsson, B., Pedersen, P. J., & Verner, M. (2007). At the lower end of the table: Determinants of poverty among migrants to Denmark and Sweden. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(3), 373–396.CrossRef

Busetta, A. (2016). Foreigners in Italy: Economic living conditions and unmet medical needs. Genus, 71, 2–3.

Carlsen, L. (2015). An alternative view on distribution keys for the possible relocation of refugees in the European Union. Social indicators research, 130, 1147–1163.CrossRef

Carlsen, L., & Bruggemann, R. (2016). Fragile State Index: Trends and developments. A partial order data analysis. Social indicators research, 133(1), 1–14.CrossRef

Constant, A., Roberts, R., & Zimmermann, K. (2009). Ethnic identity and immigrant homeownership. Urban Studies, 46(9), 1879–1898.CrossRef

Curatolo, S., & Wolleb, G. (2010). Income vulnerability in Europe. In C. Ranci (Ed.), Social vulnerability in Europe. The new configuration of social risk. Chipenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan.

Davidov, E., & Weick, S. (2011). Transition to homeownership among immigrant groups and natives in West Germany, 1984–2008. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 9(4), 393–415.CrossRef

de Carvalho, I. S. F. P. (2016). Poverty and precarity in Portugal: A multidimensional approach (Doctoral dissertation, NOVA School of Business and Economics).

della Queva, S. (2017). Analysis of social participation: A multidimensional approach based on the theory of partial ordering. In M. Fattore & R. Bruggemann (Eds.), Partial order concepts in applied sciences. Berlin: Springer.

di Bella, E., Gandullia, L., Leporatti, L., & Orcamo, P. (2016). Ranking and prioritization of emergency departments based on multi-indicator systems. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1537-5.

Di Brisco, A. M., & Farina, P. (2017). Measuring Gender Gap from a Poset Perspective. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1582-8.

Diana, P., & Strozza, S. (2014). Strategie abitative degli immigrati nel casertano: la costruzione di una tipologia. In P. Donadio, G. Gabrielli, & M. Massari (Eds.), Uno come te. Europei e nuovi europei nei percorsi di integrazione (pp. 262–279). Milano: Franco Angeli.

Fattore, M., Bruggemann, R., & Owsiński, J. (2011). Using poset theory to compare fuzzy multidimensional material deprivation across regions. In S. Ingrassia, R. Rocci, & M. Vichi (Eds.), New Perspectives in statistical modeling and data analysis. Berlin: Springer.

Fattore, M., Maggino, F., & Colombo E. (2012). From composite indicators to partial order: Evaluating socio-economic phenomena through ordinal data. In F. Maggino & G. Nuvolati (Eds.), Quality of life in Italy: Research and reflections. Social Indicators Research Series 48. New York: Springer.

Fattore, M., & Maggino, F. (2014). Partial orders in socio-economics: A practical challenge for poset theorists or a cultural challenge for social scientists? In R. Bruggemann, L. Carlsen, & J. Wittmann (Eds.), Multi-indicator systems and modelling in partial order. Berlin: Springer.

Fattore, M., & Maggino, F. (2015). A new method for measuring and analyzing suffering—Comparing suffering patterns in Italian society. In R. E. Anderson (Ed.), World Suffering and the Quality of Life. New York: Springer.

Fattore, M. (2016). Partially ordered sets and the measurement of multidimensional ordinal deprivation. Social Indicators Research, 128(2), 835–858.CrossRef

Fattore, M., & Arcagni, A. (2016). A reduced posetic approach to the measurement of multidimensional ordinal deprivation. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1501-4.

Fellini, I., & Migliavacca, M. (2010). Unstable employment in Western Europe: Exploring the individual and household dimensions. In C. Ranci (Ed.), Social vulnerability in Europe. The new configuration of social risk. Chippenham and Eastbourne: Palgrave Macmillan.

Fernades, A., & Pereira, M. J. (2009). Health and migration in the European Union: Better health for all in an inclusive society. London: Pro-book, Publishing Limited.

Fleury, D. (2007). A study of poverty and working poverty among recent migrants in Canada. Human Resources and Social Development Canada: Human Resources and Social Development Canada (Final report Ottawa).

Galloway, T. A., & Aaberge, R. (2005). Assimilation effects on poverty among migrants in Norway. Journal of Population Economics, 18(4), 691–718.CrossRef

Giannoni, M. (2010). Migrants inequalities in unmet needs for access to health care in Italy. In Paper presented at the 15th Aies conference, Moncalieri, Italy.

Gobillon, L., & Solignac, M. (2015). Homeownership of migrants in France: Selection effects related to international migration flows, Discussion Paper 9517. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

Hansen, J., & Lofstrom, M. (2003). Immigrant assimilation and welfare participation do migrants assimilate into or out of welfare? Journal of Human Resources, 38(1), 74–98.CrossRef

Hansen, J., & Wahlberg, R. (2009). Poverty and its persistence: A comparison of natives and migrants in Sweden. Review of the Economics of the Household, 7, 105–132.CrossRef

Hulle, Van M. M. (2012). Self-organizing maps. In G. Rozenberg, T. Bäck, & J. N. Kok (Eds.), Handbook of natural computing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.

Iglesias, K., Suter, C., Beycan, T., & Vani, B. P. (2016). Exploring multidimensional well-being in Switzerland: Comparing three synthesizing approaches. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1452-9 (published online).

Istat. (2011). I redditi delle famiglie con stranieri. Anno 2008–2009. Statistiche report.

Istat. (2007, 2015). Resident Municipal Population by age, sex and marital status. http://dati.istat.it.

Istat. (2008, 2016). Poverty new series. http://dati.istat.it.

Kazemipur, A., & Halli, S. S. (2001). Migrants and ’New Poverty’: The case of Canada. International Migration Review, 35(4), 1129–1156.CrossRef

Kim, J., & Tebaldi, E. (2011). The migrants’ odds to sleep into poverty: Double Jeopardy? Eastern Economic Journal, 37, 530–552.CrossRef

Kohonen, T. (2001). Self-organizing maps. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.CrossRef

Kohonen, T. (2013). Essentials of the self organizing map. Neural Networks, 37, 52–65.CrossRef

Koolman, X. (2007). Unmet need for health care in Europe, in EUROSTAT, Comparative EU statistics on income and living conditions: Issues and challenges. In Proceedings of the EU-SILC Conference (pp. 181–191).

Kosny, M., & Yalonetxky, G. (2016). Relative p-bipolarisation measurement with generalised means and hybrid Lorenz curve. Ecineq Working Paper Series, 404.

Koutsampelas, C. (2015). Blind spots of traditional poverty measurement: The case of migrants. Migration Letters, 12(2), 103–112.CrossRef

Lelkes, O. (2007). Poverty among migrants in Europe. Policy Brief April 2007. Vienna: European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research.

Lemmi, A., Berti, F., Betti, G., D’Agostino, A., Gagliardi, F., Gambacorta, et al. (2013). Povertà e deprivazione. In C. Saraceno, N. Sartor, & G. Sciortino (Eds.), Stranieri e disuguali (pp. 149–174). Bologna: Il Mulino.

Lie, B. (2002). Immigration and immigrants (pp. 1–113). Statistical Analyses 54, Statistics Norway, Norway.

Lucchini, M., & Assi, J. (2013). Mapping patterns of multiple deprivation and well-being using self-organizing maps: An application to Swiss Household Panel Data. Social Indicators Research, 112(1), 129–149.CrossRef

Muñozoz de Bustillo, R., & Anton, J. I. (2011). From rags to riches? Immigration and poverty in Spain. Population Research and Policy Review, 30, 661–676.CrossRef

Myers, D., & Lee, S. W. (1998). Immigrant trajectories into home ownership: A temporal analysis of residential assimilation. International Migration Review, 32(3), 593–625.CrossRef

Obućina, O. (2014). Paths into and out of poverty among migrants in Sweeden. Acta Sociologica, 57(1), 5–23.CrossRef

Pastor, M. (2014). Stepping stone or sink hole? Migrants, poverty, and the future of Metropolitan America. In Conference paper, innovating to end urban poverty conference, March 27–28, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Pemberton, S., Phillimore, J., & Robinson, D. (2014). Causes and experiences of poverty among economic migrants in the UK. IRiS Working Paper Series, 4, University of Birmingham.

R Core Team. (2016). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. http://www.R-project.org/.

Raphael, E., & Smolensky, E. (2009). Immigration and poverty in the United States. American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 44(2), 41–44.CrossRef

Rimoldi, S. M. L., & Barbiano di Belgiojoso, E. (2016). Poor migrants! Evidence from the Italian Case. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 99–112.CrossRef

Ripley, B. D. (1996). Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Robinson, R., Reeve, K., & Casey, R. (2007). The housing pathways to migrants. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Serrano, Sanguilinda I., Barbiano di Belgiojoso, E., & González Ferrer A., & Rimoldi S. M. L., & Blangiardo G. C., (2017). Surveying immigrants in Southern Europe: Spanish and Italian strategies in comparative perspective. Comparative Migration Studies, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-017-0060-4.

Sullivan, D. H., & Ziegert, A. L. (2008). Hispanic immigrant poverty: Does ethnic origin matter? Population Research and Policy Review, 27(6), 667.CrossRef

Yalonetzky, G. (2016). The necessary requirement of median independence for relative bipolarisation measurement. Ecineq Working Paper Series, 420.

Wehrens, R., & Buydens, L. M. C. (2007). Self- and super-organising maps in R: The kohonen package. Journal of Statistical Software, 21(5), 1–19.CrossRef

Wolfson, M. (1994). When inequalities diverge. The American Economic Review, 84(2), 353–358.

Titel: Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivation and Fragility Patterns of Migrants in Lombardy, Using Partially Ordered Sets and Self-Organizing Maps
verfasst von: Alberto Arcagni
Elisa Barbiano di Belgiojoso
Marco Fattore
Stefania M. L. Rimoldi
Publikationsdatum: 12.02.2018
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Social Indicators Research / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 0303-8300
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-0921
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1856-9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2019

Perceived Corruption and Individuals’ Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Institutional Trust

Poverty Impact of Variations in Within-group and Between-group Inequality in Nigeria: New Estimates Using Two Household Survey Data

Population Structure and the Human Development Index

Letter to the editor: Are indicators telling us the real story about progress?

Wage Inequality and Structural Change

Television, Sustainability and Subjective Wellbeing in Peru

Premium Partner