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From Si Towards SiC Technology for Harsh Environment Sensing Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Multipath Ray-Tracing-Based Modelling of Time-of-Flight Cameras

Method and Application to Semi-Transparent and Scattering Media

verfasst von : Marcus Baumgart, Norbert Druml, Cristina Consani

Erschienen in: Sensor Systems Simulations

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter presents a simulation approach for Time-of-Flight cameras, which is able to retain all light interactions with the objects of the scene within the geometric optics model. In particular, the method includes a physical description of direct and diffuse reflection, refraction, and Mie-scattering. The approach is based on ray-tracing, supports multiple and extended light sources, allows accounting for lens aberration effects, and enables the implementation and comparison of different ToF sensor technologies within the data-processing phase. A major asset is the possibility to retain multi-object reflection, refraction, and/or scattering ray paths, which allows accounting for multipath interference effects at the sensor starting from a physics-based model. The specific way in which rays are saved allows for advanced ray path analysis, which in turn allows analyzing the contributions of specific ray paths or specific light–object interaction types to the total measured signal. The potential of the approach is demonstrated by modelling scenes containing partially transparent objects (glass, raindrops), or scattering media (fog).

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Vorheriges Kapitel Miniaturized Photoacoustic Gas Sensor for CO2
Nächstes Kapitel Computational Intelligence for Simulating a LiDAR Sensor
Fußnoten
1
Other names of lidar sometimes found in literature are optical radar, laser radar, and ladar (laser detection and ranging).
 
2
It can be shown, however, that it is sufficient that only one of the two signals in Eq. (4.4) is sinusoidal to eliminate the contributions of the harmonics from the correlation [32, 36].
 
3
A photo-gate PMD pixel with two storage areas can acquire the information for two steps (e.g., 0° and 180°) in parallel, as one storage area per phase step is needed. The remaining two steps can be acquired in a second measurement (serial process) or by a second pixel in close vicinity to the first one.
 
4
In rasterization rendering methods, scene objects are created from a mesh of virtual triangles or polygons. Then, this mesh is projected onto a 2D screen and pixelated. The result is the 2D image of the 3D scene. This approach is typically computational less demanding than ray-tracing approaches.
 
5
n total and the cuboid volume borders may need to be adjusted to achieve an integer number of cubic subvolumes in each spatial direction. Otherwise, further logic has to be added handling cropped subvolume cubes at the borders of the cuboid volume.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Multipath Ray-Tracing-Based Modelling of Time-of-Flight Cameras
verfasst von
Marcus Baumgart
Norbert Druml
Cristina Consani
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Buch
Sensor Systems Simulations

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16576-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-16577-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2020

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16577-2_4

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