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Erschienen in:
Introduction: Commitment to Knowledge Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

New Pages in the Biography of Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein

verfasst von : Vera L. Talis

Erschienen in: Anticipation: Learning from the Past

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein (1896–1966) is well known today primarily for formulating the problem of redundant degrees of freedom and their elimination in motor control, as well as his hierarchical theory of movement coordination. This paper aims to uncover new pages in the biography of N.A. Bernstein, based on materials from the archive of his nephew Alexander Sergeevich Bernstein, as well as recent interviews with the former pupils of N.A. Bernstein. Concentrated around several interdisciplinary seminars, they grew into a young generation of physiologists in the late sixties and made remarkable contributions inspired by Bernstein’s new principles of neuroscience. These include the discovery of the spinal automatism of stepping in the cat, the “equilibrium point” hypothesis, the hindlimb wiping reflex of the frog as an example of a targeted trajectory organized at the spinal level, and the probabilistic prognosis in human activity.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Memory, Probabilistic Prognosis, and Presetting for Action
Nächstes Kapitel Variability by Another Name: “Repetition Without Repetition”
Fußnoten
1
Lahy, Jean-Maurice (1872–1943)—French psychologist and sociologist.
 
2
Laugier, Henri (1888–1973)—French physiologist, the first director of CNRS (1939–1942).
 
3
Langevin, Paul (1872–1946)—prominent French physicist.
 
4
Igumnov, Кonstantin Nikolaevich (1873–1948)—famous Russian pianist.
 
5
“Atlas des Ganges und Laufes des Menschen”—unpublished, now in Dortmund.
 
6
Let us note here that Bernstein himself named this book in English “On the Structure of Movements” (List of publications of N.A. Bernstein, Archives of Russian Academy of Medicine).
 
7
In September 1941, Bernstein’s family was evacuated to the city of Ulan Ude in Siberia, the capital of Buryat Mongolian Autonomous Republic of USSR. It was impossible to continue research there. Bernstein became the head of the Department of Biology at the Pedagogical Institute, and gave lectures on human anatomy, histology, and general physiology. In his free time, he put together the “Five-place decimal logarithm tables for numbers from 1 up to 1010” based on his own calculations, which was the sole work indexed in his bibliography of 1942. At the same time, his brother Sergei moved to Tashkent where his Academy of Armed Forces was housed at the time. The living conditions were better there, and he arranged for Nikolai’s family to move to Tashkent in September 1942. While there, Bernstein worked at the Republican Sanitary Institute of the Ministry of Health of the Uzbek Republic. In June 1943, after the course of the war had shifted, Bernstein was able to return to Moscow.
 
Literatur
1.
Agarwail, G.C., Gottlieb, G.L.: Control theory and cybernetic aspects of motor systems. In: Whiting, H.T.A. (ed.) Human Motor Actions: Bernstein Reassessed. North-Holland, Amsterdam (1984)
2.
Latash, L.P.: Automation of movements: challenges to the notions of the orienting reaction and memory. In: Latash, M.L. (ed.) Progress in Motor Control, vol. 1: Bernstein’s Traditions in Movement Studies, pp. 51–88. Human Kinetics, Champaign (1998)
3.
Sirotkina I.E.: Outstanding Physiologist. Classic of psychology? (On 100 years of birthday of NA Bernstein). J. Psych. 5,116–127 (1996). (in Russian)
4.
Bernstein S.A.: Early years, v.1,2. Family Archive of A.S. Bernstein (1945). (in Russian)
5.
Feigenberg, I.M.: Nikolai Bernstein—from reflex to the model of the future. Moscow, Smisl (2004), translated into English in Feigenberg I.M. LIT Berlin, in Press (in Russian) (2014)
6.
Kruglyanskaja, N.A. (ed.): Popovs, The Cloth-Makers: Notes About Moscow Life and Not Only. Russki Put’, Moscow (2010). (in Russian)
7.
Jansons, H.: Bernstein: the microscopy of movement. In: Cappozzo, A., Marchetti, M., Tosi, V. (eds.) Biolocomotion: A Century of Research Using Moving Pictures, pp. 137–174. Promograph, Roma (1992)
8.
Popova, T.S., Mogil’anskaya, Z.V. (with participation of Bernstein N.A., edited by Bernstein N.A.): Techincs of Motion Study, Practical Handbook on Cyclogrammetry. Moscow-Leningrad (1934). (in Russian)
9.
Bernstein, S.A.: Selected Works on Structural Mechanics, p. 451. Gosstroiisdat, Moscow (1961). (in Russian)
10.
Chkhaidze L.V., Chumakoff S.V.: The Formula of Stride. Moscow (1972). (in Russian)
11.
Bernstein, N.A.: Die Kimozyclographische Methode der Bewegungsuntersuchungen. In: Abderhalden E. (ed.) Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden, vol. 5. pp. 629–680 (1928). (in German)
12.
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Gurfinkel, V.S., Cordo, P.J.: The scientific Legacy of Nikolai Bernstein, In: Latash, M.L. (Ed.), Progress in Motor Control, Vol. 1: Bernstein’s Traditions in Movement Studies, pp. 1–19. Human Kinetics, Champaign (1998)
14.
Bernstein, N.A.: Contemporary studies in the physiology of the neural process. Feigenberg, I.M., Sirotkina, I.E. (eds.) Moscow Smisl, 328 p. (in Russian) (2003). (See review of this book by Latash M.L. A New Book by Nikolai Bernstein: Contemporary Studies in the Physiology of the Neural Process, Motor Control, 10, 1–6, 2006)
15.
Bernstein, N.A.: The problem of the interrelation of co-ordination and localization. Arch. Biol. Sci. 38, 1–34 (in Russian) (1935), translated into English in Bernstein, 1967 (The Coordination and Regulation of Movements. Pergamon Press, 196 p), in German in 1975 (Bewegungsphysiologie von N.A. Bernstein. Hrsg. Von L. Pickenhein und G. Schnaber, Leipzig, Barth, Bd.9, 260 s.)
16.
Wiesendanger, M.: Bernstein’s principle of equal simplicity and related concepts. In: Latash, M.L. (Ed.) Progress in Motor Control, Vol. 1: Bernstein’s Traditions in Movement Studies, pp. 1–19. Human Kinetics, Champaign (1998)
17.
18.
Latash, M.L., Turvey, M.T. (eds.): Dexterity and its Development (with “On Dexterity and its development” by N.A, Bernstein). Erlbaum, Mahwah (1996)
19.
Stuart, D.G.: Integration of posture and movement: contribution of Sherrington, Hess and Bernstein. Human Mov Sci 24, 621–643 (2005)MathSciNetCrossRef
20.
Talis, V.L., Feigenberg, I.M.: Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein and the Moscow Motor Control School in the Late Sixties. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 40, 17– 21 (2010)
21.
Smoljaninov, V.V.: From the biomechanics to the physiology of action (the scientific school of NA Bernstein). In: Proceedings of the Conference “Technologies of Informatisation in Professional Activity”, Izhevsk, 10–14 Nov 2008. (in Russian)
22.
Bernstein, N.A.: New lines of development in contemporary physiology. The materials of the conference of the Institute of the Labor Hygiene, pp. 15–21 (1962). (in Russian)
23.
Bernstein, N.A.: On the perspective of mathematics in biocybernetics. The foreword to the book of V. Shernish, A. Napalkov “The Mathematical Apparatus of Biological Cybernetics”. Moscow Medicine, p. 3–30 (1964). (In Russian)
24.
Belenkii, V.Y., Gurfinkel, V.S., Paltsev, E.I.: On the control elements of voluntary movements. Biofizika 12(1), 135–141 (1967). (in Russian)
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Paulignan, Y., Dufosse, M., Hugon, M., Massion, J.: Acquisition of co-ordination between posture and movement in a bimanual task. Exp. Brain Res. 77, 337–348 (1989)CrossRef
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Kazennikov, O., Solopova, I., Talis, V., Ioffe, M.: Anticipatory postural adjustment: the role of motor cortex in the natural and learned bimanual unloading. Exp. Brain Res. 186, 215–223 (2008)CrossRef
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Bernstein, N.A: Modern data on the structure of neuro-motor process. In: For the Musical Pedagogue, pp. 207–231. Moscow, Muzgiz (1939). (in Russian)
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Ito, J.P.: Repetition without repetition: how bernstein illumines motor skill in muscle performance. In: Nadin, M. (ed.) Anticipation: Learning from The Past. Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2015)
31.
Nadin, M.: Variability by another name: “repetition without repetition.” In: Nadin, M. (ed.) Anticipation: Learning from The Past. Springer, Cham, Switzerland (2015)
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Gelfand, I.M., Gurfinkel, V.S., Fomin, S.V., Tsetlin, M.L.: Models of the Structural-Functional Organization of Certain Biological Systems. Academy of Science of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian) (English translation by C.R. Beard and edited by J.S. Barlow, Boston: MIT Press) (1971)
33.
Shik, M.L., Orlovsky, G.N.: Neurophysiology of locomotor automatism. Physiol. Rev. 56(3), 465–501 (1976)
34.
Asatryan, D.G., Feldman, A.G.: Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture: i. mechanographic analysis of the work of the limb on execution of a postural task. Biophysics 10, 925–935 (1965)
35.
Fukson, O.I., Berkinblit, M.B., Feldman, A.G.: The spinal frog takes into account the scheme of its body during the wiping reflex, Science 209(4462), 1261–1263 (1980)
Metadaten
Titel
New Pages in the Biography of Nikolai Alexandrovich Bernstein
verfasst von
Vera L. Talis
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
Anticipation: Learning from the Past

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-19445-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-19446-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19446-2_18

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