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## Über dieses Buch

This book explores computational fluid dynamics applied to ship hydrodynamics and provides guidelines for the future developments in the field based on the Tokyo 2015 Workshop. It presents ship hull test cases, experimental data and submitted computational methods, conditions, grids and results. Analysis is made of errors for global (resistance, sinkage, trim and self-propulsion) and local flow (wave elevations, mean velocities and turbulence) variables, including standard deviations for global variables. The effects of grid size and turbulence models are evaluated for both global and local flow variables. Detailed analysis is made of turbulence modeling capabilities for capturing local flow physics. Errors and standard deviations are also assessed for added resistance (captive test cases) and course keeping/speed loss (free running test cases) in head and oblique waves. All submissions are used to evaluate the error and uncertainty by means of a systematic verification and validation (V&V) study along with statistical investigations.

## Inhaltsverzeichnis

### Introduction, Conclusions and Recommendations

Abstract
The Tokyo 2015 Workshop on CFD in Hydrodynamics was the seventh in a series started in 1980. The purpose of the Workshops is to regularly assess the state of the art in Numerical Hydrodynamics and to provide guidelines for further developments in the area. The 2015 Workshop offered 16 test cases for three ship hulls. A total of 36 participating groups of CFD specialists submitted their computed results during the fall of 2015. The results were compiled by the organizers and discussed at a meeting in Tokyo in December 2015. In this chapter the background and development of the Workshops since the start are presented. The three hulls used in the 2015 Workshop are introduced and the computations requested from the participants are specified. Based on a questionnaire sent to all participants the details of their CFD methods are listed, and finally the general conclusions from each chapter and recommendations for future Workshops are presented. The detailed results of the computations are discussed in subsequent Chapters.
Takanori Hino, Nobuyuki Hirata, Frederick Stern, Lars Larsson, Michel Visonneau, Jin Kim

### Experimental Data for JBC Resistance, Sinkage, Trim, Self-Propulsion Factors, Longitudinal Wave Cut and Detailed Flow with and without an Energy Saving Circular Duct

Abstract
In this Chapter, measured data of resistance, sinkage, trim, self-propulsion factors, longitudinal wave cut and detailed flow are summarized for Japan Bulk Carrier (JBC) with and without an energy saving circular duct. JBC is a newly designed ship for CFD validation of a ship with an energy saving device (ESD). Resistance and self-propulsion tests are conducted in towing tanks of National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) and Osaka University (OU) using model ships of different sizes. Detailed local flow data are acquired using SPIV (Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry) for several cross sections at towing tanks of NMRI and OU. The local flow data are also measured by SPIV in a wind tunnel at Hamburg University of Technology (TUHH).
Nobuyuki Hirata, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Takanori Hino, Yasuyuki Toda, Moustafa Abdel-Maksoud, Frederick Stern

### Experimental Data for KCS Resistance, Sinkage, Trim, and Self-propulsion

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the experimental results of resistance, sinkage, trim, and self-propulsion tests of the KCS hull form. The KCS was conceived to provide data for both explication of flow physics and CFD validation for a modern container ship with a bulbous bow. The Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean engineering (KRISO) performed towing tank experiments to obtain resistance, mean flow data and free surface waves. Self-propulsion tests were carried out at the National Maritime Research Institute (NMRI) and later, additional resistance tests were also reported in Gothenburg 2010 Workshop on CFD in ship hydrodynamics. The main information of the KCS hull and its propeller is introduced in Sect. 1.1 and then the results of resistance and hull attitudes measurement are followed by self-propulsion results and some local flow measurements.
Jin Kim

### Experimental Data for KCS Added Resistance and ONRT Free Running Course Keeping/Speed Loss in Head and Oblique Waves

Abstract
Evaluation is performed of the data used for T2015 test cases for the KCS captive added resistance σAR and ONRT free running course keeping/speed loss in head and oblique waves. For KCS calm water resistance, the individual facility N-order level testing uncertainty is UXi = 1%D and the multiple facility standard deviation based on three institutes using 2 model sizes (L = 7.3 and 6.1 m) is SD = 0.74%D, such that the individual facility MxN-order level testing uncertainty is UDi = 1.75%D. UXi was not reported for sinkage and trim; however, the SD = 4 and 7%D, respectively. For KCS head waves, the analysis was based on three institutes with model sizes L = 6.1, 3.2 and 2.7 m. For the 6.1 m model, FORCE provided UXi = 8, 4 and 4%D, respectively, for σAR and first harmonic heave z11 and pitch θ11k amplitudes, whereas for the 2.7 m model, FORCE/IIHR provided UXi = 7/18, 8/2 and 9/5%D, respectively. In consideration of the differences in model sizes and rigid vs. surge free mounts the agreement between the facilities is reasonable: for the primary variables, SD = 3, 20 and 10%D for z11 and θ11k amplitudes and σAR, respectively; and for secondary variable SD = 66%D for first harmonic resistance CT1. For KCS oblique waves, the data is only available from IIHR for tests in 2015 and 2016. The agreement is good, i.e., SD values are comparable to the corresponding values for head waves: for primary variables, SD = 6 and 63%D for z11 and θ11k amplitudes and σAR, respectively; and for secondary variable SD = 13%D for CT1. For ONRT self-propulsion and head and oblique waves, the data is only available from IIHR and only preliminary uncertainty analysis is available. The evaluation showed reasonably reliable data for both KCS and ONRT. However, clearly it is desirable to have data from more facilities including uncertainty analysis for assessment of facility biases, which will provide more robust data and uncertainty analysis for CFD validation.
Yugo Sanada, Claus Simonsen, Janne Otzen, Hamid Sadat-Hosseini, Yasuyuki Toda, Frederick Stern

### Evaluation of Resistance, Sinkage, Trim and Wave Pattern Predictions for JBC

Abstract
JBC predictions are presented for four cases: towed and self-propulsion for the bare hull and a hull with an Energy Saving Device (ESD). A statistical evaluation is made based on the 88 resistance predictions submitted. The comparison error is defined as the difference between the measured data and the numerically predicted value. This error is analyzed in different ways. It is seen that the mean signed error is as small as the measurement accuracy, while the mean absolute error is about twice as large. This represents the typical error in the prediction. A similar accuracy was found in the 2010 Workshop. The number of grid cells has increased since 2010 and the required grid size for a given uncertainty of 4% has increased from 3 M cells to 10 M cells. Reasons for this are discussed. As in the previous workshop the two-equation turbulence models produce more accurate results than the more advanced models, although the more and more popular Explicit Algebraic Stress Model (EASM) is close. A surprising result of the analysis is that methods with wall-functions give significantly smaller resistance errors than those with a wall-resolved flow. Grid convergence is discussed and it is shown that the vast majority of results converge with grid refinement, but that the achieved order of accuracy is often far from the theoretical one. Sinkage is much better predicted than in 2010 and the trim results are also improved. Finally, the wave pattern prediction is discussed. The best methods in 2010 predicted the waves extremely well, in fact better than in the present workshop. A consistent shift in the predicted wave phase relative to the data could indicate a measurement error.

### Analysis of the Local Flow around JBC

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to an analysis of the local flow field for test cases 1-3, 1-4, 1-7 and 1-8. The general objective of this analysis is to assess the present computational approaches according to their ability to represent the influence of a duct on the local flow field in presence or absence of a propeller, thanks to the existence of local flow measurements mainly performed by NMRI. General conclusions based on the numerous contributions, are drawn concerning the reliability of turbulence closures in these peculiar flow configurations, the influence of the propeller representation on the local flow field and the ability of CFD to represent the local influence of a duct on the flow at the stern region and in the wake of a ship.
Michel Visonneau

### Evaluation of Self-propulsion and Energy Saving Device Performance Predictions for JBC

Abstract
Self-propulsion cases for the JBC hull with and without an energy saving duct are analyzed in this chapter. Test cases are set up for self-propulsion condition at the ship point. No rudder is fitted in either case. About half of the submissions employ actual propeller models in which a propeller geometry is discretized using a moving mesh and the remainder uses body force models in which propeller effects are considered as a body force computed using external potential-flow based programs. Self-propulsion simulations are carried out in two ways. The first is to follow the self-propulsion test procedure in a towing tank and a propeller revolution rate is adjusted in such a way that propeller thrust and towing force or SFC (Skin Friction Correction) for the ship point condition are balanced with ship’s resistance. The other way is to fix the propeller revolution rate equal to the experimental value and the force invariance is computed. Thrust and torque coefficients, propeller revolution and ship’s resistance components in self-propulsion condition are items to be submitted. Analysis of grid uncertainty is carried out based on the submission data with multiple grids. Average of comparison errors and the standard deviations of propeller thrust and torque together with revolution rates are estimated using the towing tank test data of 7.0 m model. Self-propulsion factors are estimated using the submitted data and compared with the measured data. Finally, model scale delivered powers are used to evaluate overall accuracy of the current CFD analysis in terms of the prediction accuracy of energy saving duct performance.
Takanori Hino

### Evaluation of Resistance, Sinkage, Trim and Self-propulsion Predictions for KCS

Abstract
This chapter discusses the results of resistance predictions including trim and sinkage (the workshop case 2.1) and the results of self-propulsion predictions (the workshop case 2.5) for KCS. The resistance predictions for 6 different Froude numbers in trim and sinkage free condition were requested. The comparison error at the design speed (Fr = 0.26) is −0.2% and the standard deviation is 1.5% of the data value. The mean comparison error for all 6 speeds is 0.43% and the mean standard deviation is 2.48%. The increased error and standard deviation is caused by the results for low Fr simulation submissions. The submitted trim and sinkage also shows larger comparison error in low Fr region (Fr < 0.2). Self-propulsion results are reported with both towing force (FD) fixed and propeller revolution (rps) fixed. The participants using a body force propeller model based on potential theory selected FD fixed condition for self-propulsion and the participants who adopted actual propeller rotating simulation preferred rps fixed condition. The mean comparison errors of KT and KQ are 0.5 and −3.5% respectively. The standard deviations are 2.7 and 2.4% respectively. Self-propulsion parameters are slightly better predicted by body force models (FD fixed). However, local flow characteristics are better predicted by actual propeller rotating simulation (rps fixed).
Jin Kim

### Assessment of CFD for KCS Added Resistance and for ONRT Course Keeping/Speed Loss in Regular Head and Oblique Waves

Abstract
CFD is assessed for added resistance for KCS (captive test cases 2.10 and 2.11) and course keeping/speed loss for ONRT (free running test cases 3.9/3.12/3.13) in head and oblique waves. The number of submissions were 10, 2, and 8 for test cases 2.10, 2.11, and 3.9/3.12/3.13, respectively. The assessment approach uses both solution and N-version validation. The former considers whether the absolute error $$\left| {E_{i} } \right| = \left| {D - S_{i} } \right|$$ is less, equal or greater than the validation uncertainty, which is the root sum square of the numerical and experimental uncertainties, i.e., $$|E_{i} | \le U_{{V_{i} }} = \sqrt {U_{{SN_{i} }}^{2} + U_{D}^{2} }$$. The latter considers whether the absolute error is less, equal or greater than the state-of-the-art SoAi uncertainty, i.e., $$\left| {E_{i} } \right| \le U_{{SoA_{i} }} = \sqrt {U_{{V_{i} }}^{2} + P_{{\left| {E_{i} } \right|}}^{2} }$$ where $$P_{{\left| {E_{i} } \right|}} = k\sigma_{\left| E \right|}$$ is the uncertainty due to the scatter in the solution absolute error. Errors and uncertainties are normalized using both the data value D and its dynamic range DR. The captive resistance CT and free running self-propulsion propeller revolutions RPS $$\overline{\left| E \right|} < 2{\% }{\text{D}}$$ with UD less than but comparable $$P_{{\left| {E_{i} } \right|}} < 3{\% }{\text{D}}$$ such that 3/1 solutions were validated but 8/4 codes/solutions were N-version validated for CT/RPS. The head waves captive and free running heave and pitch $$\overline{\left| E \right|}$$ is less than 8%DR with UD less than 5%DR and $$P_{{\left| {E_{i} } \right|}}$$ less than 13%DR such that about 5 for captive and 2 for free running solutions were validated and about 7 for captive and 5 for free running codes/solutions were N-version validated. The errors for added resistance and speed loss were less than 13%DR with UD less than 7%DR and $$P_{{\left| {E_{i} } \right|}} = 25$$ and 13%DR such that about 4 for captive and 1 for free running solutions were validated and 7 for captive 4 for free running codes/solutions were N-version validated. For captive head waves, the errors and scatter are smaller than those for potential flow. The oblique waves captive and free running motion errors $$\overline{\left| E \right|}$$ are less than 10%DR except for roll with UD large 23%DR for captive pitch and other wise small <2%DR. The errors for added resistance and speed loss were <8%DR with UD < 9%DR. The largest errors were for roll, which had errors for captive of 12%DR and for free running of 20%DR. None of the KCS and ONRT test cases were able to achieve a programmatic requirement of 5%D and 5%DR for calm water and waves, respectively. Note that not all the experimental uncertainties are able to meet this requirement either such that both experiments and CFD need to reduce their uncertainties and in addition CFD its errors. Nonetheless, in view the comparable CFD capability for ONRT free running vs. KCS captive conditions, the prognosis for CFD capability is excellent. Future CFD assessment should extend the current test cases for consideration of added power in regular and irregular waves. Verification should be required, and more limited/most important validation variables should be confirmed and used for the V&V and SoA assessment.
Frederick Stern, Hamid Sadat-Hosseini, Timur Dogan, Matteo Diez, Dong Hwan Kim, Sungtek Park, Yugo Sanada
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