Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

On the African Peering Connectivity Revealable via BGP Route Collectors

verfasst von : Enrico Gregori, Alessandro Improta, Luca Sani

Erschienen in: e-Infrastructure and e-Services for Developing Countries

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Internet pervasiveness in Africa has been slowly but steadily increasing since the beginning of this millennium. Thanks to several organisations which donated time and resources, it is nowadays possible to claim that the AS ecosystems of several countries in Africa are now experiencing an early stage of the peering era. In this paper, we investigate the capability of the BGP route collectors publicly available to reveal the newborn peering connectivity in African countries. By analysing BGP data available with existing techniques we found that a lot of this connectivity is missing from the dataset, mainly due to the lack of data sources in the region. In most countries, this could theoretically be solved by introducing no more than ten new ASes sharing their full routing information to route collectors.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanou, R., Francois, P., Aben, E., Mwangi, M., Goburdhan, N., Valera, F.: Four years tracking unrevealed topological changes in the african interdomain. Comput. Commun. 106, 117–135 (2017)CrossRef Fanou, R., Francois, P., Aben, E., Mwangi, M., Goburdhan, N., Valera, F.: Four years tracking unrevealed topological changes in the african interdomain. Comput. Commun. 106, 117–135 (2017)CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanou, R., Valera, F., Francois, P., Dhamdhere, A.: Reshaping the African Internet: from scattered islands to a connected continent. Comput. Commun. 113, 25–42 (2017)CrossRef Fanou, R., Valera, F., Francois, P., Dhamdhere, A.: Reshaping the African Internet: from scattered islands to a connected continent. Comput. Commun. 113, 25–42 (2017)CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Feldman, D., Shavitt, Y.: Automatic large scale generation of internet pop level maps. In: IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 1–6 (2008) Feldman, D., Shavitt, Y.: Automatic large scale generation of internet pop level maps. In: IEEE GLOBECOM 2008 - 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, pp. 1–6 (2008)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao, L.: On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(6), 733–745 (2001)CrossRef Gao, L.: On inferring autonomous system relationships in the internet. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 9(6), 733–745 (2001)CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Govindan, R., Tangmunarunkit, H.: Heuristics for internet map discovery. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2000, 1371–1380 (2000) Govindan, R., Tangmunarunkit, H.: Heuristics for internet map discovery. Proc. IEEE INFOCOM 2000, 1371–1380 (2000)
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: Discovering the geographic properties of the internet AS-level topology. Netw. Sci. 3(1–4), 34–42 (2013)CrossRef Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: Discovering the geographic properties of the internet AS-level topology. Netw. Sci. 3(1–4), 34–42 (2013)CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: Improving the reliability of inter-AS economic inferences through a hygiene phase on BGP data. Comput. Netw. 62, 197–207 (2014)CrossRef Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: Improving the reliability of inter-AS economic inferences through a hygiene phase on BGP data. Comput. Netw. 62, 197–207 (2014)CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: A novel methodology to address the internet AS-level data incompleteness. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 23(4), 1314–1327 (2015)CrossRef Gregori, E., Improta, A., Lenzini, L., Rossi, L., Sani, L.: A novel methodology to address the internet AS-level data incompleteness. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 23(4), 1314–1327 (2015)CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Gunes, M.H., Saraç, K.: Analytical IP alias resolution. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 1, pp. 459–464 (2006) Gunes, M.H., Saraç, K.: Analytical IP alias resolution. In: 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications, vol. 1, pp. 459–464 (2006)
11.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat He, Y., Siganos, G., Faloutsos, M., Krishnamurthy, S.V.: Lord of the links: a framework for discovering missing links in the internet topology. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(2), 391–404 (2009)CrossRef He, Y., Siganos, G., Faloutsos, M., Krishnamurthy, S.V.: Lord of the links: a framework for discovering missing links in the internet topology. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 17(2), 391–404 (2009)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Li, L., Alderson, D., Willinger, W., Doyle, J.: A first-principles approach to understanding the internet’s router-level topology. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 34(4), 3–14 (2004)CrossRef Li, L., Alderson, D., Willinger, W., Doyle, J.: A first-principles approach to understanding the internet’s router-level topology. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 34(4), 3–14 (2004)CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Luckie, M., Huffaker, B., Dhamdhere, A., Giotsas, V., Claffy, K.C.: AS relationships, customer cones, and validation. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2013, pp. 243–256 (2013) Luckie, M., Huffaker, B., Dhamdhere, A., Giotsas, V., Claffy, K.C.: AS relationships, customer cones, and validation. In: Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2013, pp. 243–256 (2013)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahadevan, P., Krioukov, D., Fomenkov, M., Dimitropoulos, X., Claffy, K.C., Vahdat, A.: The Internet AS-level topology: three data sources and one definitive metric. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 36(1), 17–26 (2006)CrossRef Mahadevan, P., Krioukov, D., Fomenkov, M., Dimitropoulos, X., Claffy, K.C., Vahdat, A.: The Internet AS-level topology: three data sources and one definitive metric. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 36(1), 17–26 (2006)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Motamedi, R., Rejaie, R., Willinger, W.: A survey of techniques for internet topology discovery. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 17(2), 1044–1065 (2015)CrossRef Motamedi, R., Rejaie, R., Willinger, W.: A survey of techniques for internet topology discovery. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 17(2), 1044–1065 (2015)CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Norton, W.B.: The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press, Palo Alto (2011) Norton, W.B.: The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press, Palo Alto (2011)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliveira, R., Pei, D., Willinger, W., Zhang, B., Zhang, L.: The (in)completeness of the observed internet AS-level structure. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 18(1), 109–122 (2010)CrossRef Oliveira, R., Pei, D., Willinger, W., Zhang, B., Zhang, L.: The (in)completeness of the observed internet AS-level structure. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw. 18(1), 109–122 (2010)CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rasti, A.H., Magharei, N., Rejaie, R., Willinger, W.: Eyeball ASes: from geography to connectivity. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2010, pp. 192–198 (2010) Rasti, A.H., Magharei, N., Rejaie, R., Willinger, W.: Eyeball ASes: from geography to connectivity. In: Proceedings of the 10th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2010, pp. 192–198 (2010)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Roughan, M., Tuke, S.J., Maennel, O.: Bigfoot, Sasquatch, the Yeti and other missing links: what we don’t know about the AS graph. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2008, pp. 325–330 (2008) Roughan, M., Tuke, S.J., Maennel, O.: Bigfoot, Sasquatch, the Yeti and other missing links: what we don’t know about the AS graph. In: Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM Conference on Internet Measurement, IMC 2008, pp. 325–330 (2008)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Roughan, M., Willinger, W., Maennel, O., Perouli, D., Bush, R.: 10 lessons from 10 years of measuring and modeling the internet’s autonomous systems. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(9), 1810–1821 (2011)CrossRef Roughan, M., Willinger, W., Maennel, O., Perouli, D., Bush, R.: 10 lessons from 10 years of measuring and modeling the internet’s autonomous systems. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 29(9), 1810–1821 (2011)CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Willinger, W., Alderson, D., Doyle, J.C.: Mathematics and the internet: a source of enormous confusion and great potential. Not. Am. Math. Soc. 56(5), 586–599 (2009)MathSciNetMATH Willinger, W., Alderson, D., Doyle, J.C.: Mathematics and the internet: a source of enormous confusion and great potential. Not. Am. Math. Soc. 56(5), 586–599 (2009)MathSciNetMATH
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang, B., Liu, R., Massey, D., Zhang, L.: Collecting the internet AS-level topology. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 35(1), 53–61 (2005)CrossRef Zhang, B., Liu, R., Massey, D., Zhang, L.: Collecting the internet AS-level topology. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 35(1), 53–61 (2005)CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
On the African Peering Connectivity Revealable via BGP Route Collectors
verfasst von
Enrico Gregori
Alessandro Improta
Luca Sani
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98827-6_35