nach oben

Asia Pacific Journal of Management

Erschienen in:

16.01.2017

One definition, different manifestations: Investigating ethical leadership in the Chinese context

verfasst von: An-Chih Wang, Jack Ting-Ju Chiang, Wan-Ju Chou, Bor-Shiuan Cheng

Erschienen in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management | Ausgabe 3/2017

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Although ethical leadership positively relates to a variety of favorable work outcomes across cultural settings, how national/societal culture potentially shapes the behavioral manifestations of ethical leadership remains unclear. In this paper, we investigate behavioral manifestations of ethical leadership in the Chinese context and develop the Chinese Ethical Leadership Scale (CELS). In Study 1, we use an indigenous, qualitative approach to investigate the nature of ethical leadership. Based on the qualitative findings, we develop the CELS, which consists of six important components of Chinese ethical leadership: moral courage, openness to criticism, incorruptibility, reliability, fairness, and role modeling. In Study 2, we empirically show that, after controlling for a Western ethical leadership scale, the six dimensions of Chinese ethical leadership predict various subordinate outcomes, including reporting of wrongdoing, cooperative voice, protection of company resources, conscientiousness, interpersonal harmony, and task performance. Based on our results, we propose a culturally integrated model of ethical leadership that elucidates both ethical and Chinese leadership literatures.

Vorheriger Artikel Making impact through industry-focused research: An Asia Pacific perspective

Nächster Artikel Whipping into shape: Construct definition, measurement, and validation of directive-achieving leadership in Chinese culture

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

To double check the results from the three-person panel, we provided two additional research assistants with the names and definitions of the six dimensions that the three-person panel obtained and asked them to independently sort the 566 items into the 6 dimensions. The two raters were unaware of where the items were collected (China or Taiwan) and which dimension the item originally belonged to. After the two raters completed their analysis separately, we followed Fleiss’s (1971) procedure to compute Kappa as an indicator of inter-rater agreement among the three independent sources (i.e., the conclusion from the panel and the results of the categorization of the two new raters). More than 80% of the items (465) were classified into identical dimensions by all raters, leading to a satisfactory Fleiss’s Kappa (.84) and suggesting a high level of inter-rater agreement.

American Anthropological Association. 1947. Statement on human rights. American Anthropologist, 49(4): 539–543.CrossRef

Aquino, K., & Freeman, D. 2009. Moral identity in business situations: A social-cognitive framework for understanding moral functioning. In D. Narvaez, & D. Lapsley (Eds.). Personality, identity, and character: Explorations in moral psychology: 375–395. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Bandura, A. 1977. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. 1986. Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Barnard, C. I. 1938. The functions of the executive. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Bass, B. M. 1985. Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.

Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. 1999. Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. Leadership Quarterly, 10(2): 181–217.

Boyd, R., Richerson, P. J., & Henrich, J. 2011. The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(S2): 10918–10925.CrossRef

Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. 2006. Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17(6): 595–616.CrossRef

Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. 2005. Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2): 117–134.CrossRef

Burns, J. M. 1978. Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.

Chai, D. S., Jeong, S., Kim, J., Kim, S., & Hamlin, R. G. 2016. Perceived managerial and leadership effectiveness in a Korean context: An indigenous qualitative study. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 33(3): 789–820.CrossRef

Chan, W. S. 1963. A source book in Chinese philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Chan, S. C. H., Huang, X., Snape, E., & Lam, C. K. 2013. The Janus face of paternalistic leaders: Authoritarianism, benevolence, subordinates’ organization-based self-esteem, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1): 108–128.CrossRef

Cheng, B., Wang, A., & Huang, M. 2009. The road more popular versus the road less travelled by: An “insider’s” perspective of advancing Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 5(1): 91–105.CrossRef

Cheng, B. S., & Zhuang, S. J. 1981. Factor analysis of effective leader behaviors of rank-and-file military personnel in Taiwan: Relationship among leadership effectiveness, leader roles, and leadership styles. Journal of Chinese Psychology, 23: 97–106 in Chinese.

Cheung, M. W. L., Leung, K., & Au, L. 2006. Evaluating multilevel models in cross-cultural research: An illustration with social axioms. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(5): 522–541.CrossRef

Church, A. T., & Lonner, W. J. 1998. The cross-cultural perspective in the study of personality: Rationale and current research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1): 32–62.CrossRef

Costa, Jr., P. T., & McCrae, R. R. 1992. Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Edmondson, A. C. 2003. Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6): 1419–1452.CrossRef

Eisenstadt, S. N. (Ed.) 1986. The origins and diversity of axial age civilizations. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Farh, J. L., & Cheng, B. S. 2000. A cultural analysis of paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations. In J. T. Li, A. S. Tsui, & E. Weldon (Eds.). Management and organizations in the Chinese context: 85–127. London: Macmillan.

Farh, J., Dobbins, G. H., & Cheng, B. 1991. Cultural relativity in action: A comparison of self-ratings made by Chinese and U.S. workers. Personnel Psychology, 44(1): 129–147.CrossRef

Farh, J., Earley, P. C., & Lin, S. 1997. Impetus for action: A cultural analysis of justice and organizational citizenship behavior in Chinese society. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(3): 421–444.CrossRef

Farh, J., Zhong, C., & Organ, D. W. 2004. Organizational citizenship behavior in the People’s republic of China. Organization Science, 15(2): 241–253.CrossRef

Fleiss, J. L. 1971. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5): 378–382.CrossRef

Ghorpade, J., Hattrup, K., & Lackritz, J. R. 1999. The use of personality measures in cross-cultural research: A test of three personality scales across two countries. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(5): 670–679.CrossRef

Goddard, D., & Borel, H. 2007. Lautzu’s Dao and Wu Wei. New York: Cosimo.

Herman, G. 1977. The nature of morality: An introduction to ethics. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hinkin, T. R. 1995. A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5): 967–988.CrossRef

Ho., D. Y. 1994. Filial piety, authoritarian moralism, and cognitive conservatism in Chinese societies. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 120(3): 349–365.

Ho, D. Y. F. 1995. Selfhood and identity in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Hinduism: Contrasts with the west. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 25(2): 115–139.CrossRef

Ho, D. Y. F. 1998. Interpersonal relationships and relationship dominance: An analysis based on methodological relationalism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(1): 1–16.CrossRef

Hofstede, G. 1980. Culture’s consequences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Hsu, F. L. K. 1971. Psychosocial homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual tools for advancing psychological anthropology. American Anthropologist, 73(1): 23–44.CrossRef

Hsu, W. L., Huang, M. P., Cheng, B. S., & Farh, J. L. 2006. [Moral leadership]. In: B. S. Cheng and & D. Y. Jiang (Eds.). [Chinese organizational behavior: Topics, research, and publication]: 122–149. Taipei, Taiwan: Hwatai (in Chinese).

Hwang, K. 1987. Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4): 944–974.CrossRef

Hwang, K. 1998. Two moralities: Reinterpreting the findings of empirical research on moral reasoning in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(3): 211–238.CrossRef

Hwang, K. 2000. Chinese relationalism: Theoretical construction and methodological considerations. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 30(2): 155–178.CrossRef

Hwang, K. K. 2008. Leadership theory of legalism and its function in Confucian Society. In C. C. Chen, & Y. T. Lee (Eds.). Chinese leadership philosophies and practices: Indigenous perspective: 108–142. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kacmar, K. M., Bachrach, D. G., Harris, K. J., & Zivnuska, S. 2011. Fostering good citizenship through ethical leadership: Exploring the moderating role of gender and organizational politics. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3): 633–642.CrossRef

Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. B. 2011. Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Leadership Quarterly, 22(1): 51–69.CrossRef

Kirkland, R. 2004. Taoism: The enduring tradition. New York: Routledge.

Klein, S. 1995. An Aristotelian approach to ethical corporate leadership. Business & Professional Ethics Journal, 14(3): 3–23.CrossRef

Lam, L. W., Huang, X., & Lau, D. C. 2012. Leadership research in Asia: Taking the road less traveled?. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2): 195–204.CrossRef

Levi, N. 2002. Moral relativism: A short introduction. Oxford: Oneworld.

Levinson, H. 1965. Reciprocation: The relationship between man and organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 9(4): 370–390.CrossRef

Liden, R. C. 2012. Leadership research in Asia: A brief assessment and suggestions for the future. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2): 205–212.CrossRef

Lin, W. Q. 1991. [Leadership in the P.R.C.] In: C. F. Yang and & S. R. Kao (Eds.). [Chinese and Chinese soul]: 409–445. Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan Liu (in Chinese).

Liu, C., Borg, I., & Spector, P. E. 2004. Measurement equivalence of the German job satisfaction survey used in a multinational organization: Implications of Schwartz’s culture model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6): 1070–1082.CrossRef

Lukes, S. 2008. Moral relativism. New York: Picador.

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. 1991. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2): 224–253.CrossRef

Martin, W. 2005. A path and a practice: Using Lao Tzu’s Tao Te Ching as a guide to an awakened spiritual life. Washington, DC: Marlowe & Company.

Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., & Kuenzi, M. 2012. Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1): 151–171.

Mayer, D. M., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. 2009. How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1): 1–13.CrossRef

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. 2015. Ethical leadership: Meta-analytic evidence of criterion-related and incremental validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(3): 948–965.CrossRef

Park, H., Rehg, M. T., & Lee, D. 2005. The influence of Confucian ethics and collectivism on whistleblowing intentions: A study of south Korean public employees. Journal of Business Ethics, 58(4): 387–403.CrossRef

Piccolo, R. F., Greenbaum, R., den Hartog, D. N., & Folger, R. 2010. The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2–3): 259–278.CrossRef

Pye, L. W. 1985. Asian power and politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Redding, S. G. 1990. The spirit of Chinese capitalism. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. 2006. A cross-cultural examination of the endorsement of ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63(4): 345–359.CrossRef

Resick, C. J., Martin, G. S., Keating, M. A., Dickson, M. W., Kwan, H. K., & Peng, C. 2011. What ethical leadership means to me: Asian, American, and European perspectives. Journal of Business Ethics, 101(3): 435–457.CrossRef

Rousseau, D. M., & Fried, Y. 2001. Location, location, location: Contextualizing organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22(1): 1–13.CrossRef

Smith, R. J. 1994. China’s cultural heritage: The Qing dynasty, 1664–1912. Boulder: Westview Press.

Sumner, W. G. 1906. Folkways. Boston: Ginn & Company.

Treviño, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. 2003. A qualitative investigation of perceived executive ethical leadership: Perceptions from inside and outside the executive suite. Human Relations, 56(1): 5–37.

Treviño, L. K., Hartman, L. P., & Brown, M. 2000. Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership. California Management Review, 42(4): 128–142.CrossRef

Tsui, A. S. 2006. Contextualization in Chinese management research. Management and Organization Review, 2(01): 1–13.CrossRef

Tsui, A. S. 2007. From homogenization to pluralism: International management research in the academy and beyond. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6): 1353–1364.CrossRef

Tsui, A. S. 2012. Contextualizing research in a modernizing China. In X. Huang, & M. H. Bond (Eds.). Handbook of Chinese organizational behavior: Integrating theory, research and practice: 29–47. Northampton: Edward Elgar.

Wang, A., Hsieh, H., Tsai, C., & Cheng, B. 2012. Does value congruence lead to voice? Cooperative voice and cooperative silence under team and differentiated transformational leadership. Management and Organization Review, 8(02): 341–370.CrossRef

Westwood, R. 1997. Harmony and patriarchy: The cultural basis for “paternalistic headship” among the overseas Chinese. Organization Studies, 18(3): 445–480.CrossRef

Whetten, D. A. 2009. An examination of the interface between context and theory applied to the study of Chinese organizations. Management and Organization Review, 5(01): 29–55.

Wong, D. B. 2006. Natural moralities: A defense of pluralistic relativism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Yang, C. F., & Chiu, S. Y. 1987. The dilemma facing Chinese subjects in answering questionnaires: Reflecting on the over-reliance on Western rating scales in research. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 29: 59–78 (in Chinese).

Zhu, Y., Sun, L., & Leung, A. S. M. 2014. Corporate social responsibility, firm reputation, and firm performance: The role of ethical leadership. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 31(4): 925–947.CrossRef

Titel: One definition, different manifestations: Investigating ethical leadership in the Chinese context
verfasst von: An-Chih Wang
Jack Ting-Ju Chiang
Wan-Ju Chou
Bor-Shiuan Cheng
Publikationsdatum: 16.01.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Asia Pacific Journal of Management / Ausgabe 3/2017
Print ISSN: 0217-4561
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-9958
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9495-7

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2017

Making impact through industry-focused research: An Asia Pacific perspective

The genesis of fabless business model: Institutional entrepreneurs in an adaptive ecosystem

Venture capital reputation and portfolio firm performance in an emerging economy: The moderating effect of institutions

Whipping into shape: Construct definition, measurement, and validation of directive-achieving leadership in Chinese culture

Why do high-performance human resource practices matter for team creativity? The mediating role of collective efficacy and knowledge sharing

It’s more complicated than we think: The implications of social capital on innovation

Premium Partner