Introduction
Conceptual approaches explaining differences in innovation outcome
Innovation policy
A national system of innovation is the system of interacting private and public firms (either large or small), universities and government agencies, aiming at the production of science and technology within national borders. Interaction between those units may be technical, commercial, legal, social and financial, inasmuch as the goal of the interaction is the development, protection, financing or regulation of new science and technology (Niosi et al. 1993, p. 212).
Open innovation
Network versus hierarchy approach
Cooperation between universities / research institutes and private enterprises
General framework and its dynamics
Opportunities and threats
The role of digital media in higher education
OER and MOOCs
Motivations for 18 to 34 years may be closely related to the opportunity to improve their career, moreover, enhance their professional network. Half the respondents indicated that participating in a MOOC enabled them to enhance their professional development and improve their knowledge in the workplace. (White et al. 2014, p. 9).