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2021 | Buch

The Basic Oxygen Furnace to Obtain Steel Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Operations and Basic Processes in Steelmaking

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Dr. Daniel Fernández González, Prof. Dr. José Ignacio Verdeja González

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Topics in Mining, Metallurgy and Materials Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book describes the operations and industrial processes related to the production of steel. The chapters cover the second part of the iron and steelmaking process, called steelmaking, presenting the stages of the process until obtaining the finished steel product in different formats for distinct applications. This book reports significant operating variables of the processes and basic operations of the steelmaking. The chapters contain numerous solved exercises conceptually supported on the thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals of the production of steel from the pig iron in the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) and the production of steel and ferroalloys in Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF). The thermal and mechanic fundamentals of the hot rolling operations and the mechanical fundamentals of the cold rolling, forming, and wire drawing to obtain different steel products are also reported. The book summarizes the strengths and uncertainties of steel as a structural material.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. The Basic Oxygen Furnace to Obtain Steel
Abstract
The pig iron is an intermediate product obtained in the blast furnace characterized by the high carbon content (3.5–4.5%) and the presence of other impurities (silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, manganese, etc.) that makes it a brittle material without applications. It is used as raw material in the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) to produce steel and in the cupola furnace to produce cast irons. This chapter is dedicated to the production of steel in the Basic Oxygen Furnace. The technological development is presented as well as the main reactions involved in the treatment of the pig iron in the converter. Additionally, the chapter is complemented with solved problems and exercises.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 2. The Electric Steelworks
Abstract
The electric furnace has been gaining importance in the production of steel since the first decades of the twentieth century. It is possible to produce pig iron in an electric furnace, but this option is very far from being a competitor for the blast furnace or the Corex process, even in those countries with cheap electric power. Other option is to produce steel, and particularly to produce highly alloyed or stainless steels, where it is necessary to add significant quantities of elements such as chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, niobium, titanium, vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, or boron. We also deal in this chapter with the production of ferroalloys, as they are an important material in the iron and steelmaking industry, and particularly, we describe the design of furnaces for their production. The theoretical part described in this manuscript is complemented with solved exercises.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 3. Secondary Metallurgy
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the group of processes and operations performed in the steelmaking to transform the liquid iron that is obtained either in the converter or in the electric furnace into a melt adjusted in composition and ready for the solidification at the end of the secondary metallurgy. In this chapter, we consider the problem of the sulphur in the metallic melt as well as the degasification process (hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen) due to the problems that these elements cause in the steel. The chapter is complemented with several solved exercises.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 4. Solidification of the Steel
Abstract
The iron metallurgy in liquid phase finishes with the processes of forming by casting, molding, or production of powders. We study in this chapter the two most relevant processes of solidification: the molding and the continuous casting. The molding practice is described from the obtaining of the mold to the study of the solidification from the thermal point of view. The continuous casting is also described as the most recent technology for the iron melt solidification, where we indicate the recent advances that are mainly focused on obtaining the near-net-shape. Additionally, the problem of inclusions is also indicated as it is important for the solidified product. Finally, we include several solved exercises where we emphasize on the theoretical aspects.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 5. Hot-Working Operations
Abstract
Hot working is the initial step in the mechanical working of most metals and alloys. Not only does hot-working result in a decrease in the energy required to deform the metal and an increased ability to flow without cracking, but the rapid diffusion at hot-working temperatures aids in decreasing the chemical inhomogeneities of the cast-ingot structure. Blowholes and porosity are eliminated by the welding together of these cavities, and the coarse columnar grains of the casting are broken down and refined into smaller equiaxed recrystallized grains. These changes in structure from hot working improves ductility and toughness over the cast state.
However, there are certain disadvantages to hot-working. First, because high temperatures are usually involved, surface reactions between the metal and the furnace atmosphere become a problem. Ordinarily hot working is done in air, oxidation results, and a considerable amount of metal may be lost. Second, surface decarburization of hot-worked steel can be a serious problem, and frequently extensive surface finishing is required to remove the decarburized layer. Rolled-in oxide makes it difficult to produce good surface finishes on hot-rolled products, and because allowance must be made for expansion and contraction, the dimensional tolerances for hot-worked mill products are greater than for cold-worked products. Further, the structure and properties of hot-worked metals are generally not so uniform over the cross section as in metals which have been cold worked and annealed. Since the deformation is always greater in the surface layers, the metal will have a finer recrystallized grain size in this region.
This way, this chapter five is dedicated to the hot working of the steel, and it is complemented with several exercises, problems, and case-studies related with the industrial practice.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 6. Cold Rolling. Deep Drawing. Wire Drawing. Coatings
Abstract
Not all the hot-rolled products are used as finished products and most of them are subjected to additional treatments aimed at both increasing their mechanical properties, adjusting their dimensions, or increasing their resistance to corrosion. This way, this chapter is focused on different processes of great importance in steelmaking with the purpose of accomplishing the above-mentioned requirements. These processes are the cold rolling of long products, the deep drawing or cold forming the wire drawing, and the coatings. After these processes, a product of very small thickness product with good surface finishing and narrow margin of dimensional tolerance is obtained in the case of the cold rolling or deep drawing (in this case with the suitable shape conferred by the action of a punch), a product with suitable mechanical properties for structural applications in the case of the wire drawing, and a protection against corrosion and superficial wear in the case of the coating.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Chapter 7. Strengths and Uncertainties of the Steel as Structural Material
Abstract
This last chapter is aimed at studying, as the own title indicates, the strengths and uncertainties of the steel as structural material. We indicate the different big changes or revolutions in the field of the steel production, and the direction toward which the research will direct in the future. Additionally, we analyze the conflictive aspects that difficulty the utilization of the steel and how to solve them. The sustainable and environmentally friendly production of steel will arise as an important factor to increase the competitivity of the production of this structural material. On the other side, there are several environmental questions that might negatively affect the production of steel. The CO2 emissions are going to be a problem for the iron and steelmaking in the next years, the same as the other pollutants and residues generated in the production of iron and steel. The same way, we also analyze the efficient utilization of the energy in the iron and steelmaking process.
Luis Felipe Verdeja González, Daniel Fernández González, José Ignacio Verdeja González
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Operations and Basic Processes in Steelmaking
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. Luis Felipe Verdeja González
Dr. Daniel Fernández González
Prof. Dr. José Ignacio Verdeja González
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-68000-8
Print ISBN
978-3-030-67999-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68000-8

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