Introduction
Growth in containerized transport
The research question
Research and methodology
STS crane operations
Volatility of energy demand
Challenge for container terminals
Relevance
Scientific relevance
Business relevance
Methodology
Energy consumption model
Conceptual model
Energy consumption model
Where | h = | type of terminal equipment |
H = | number of all terminal equipment: 1 = quay cranes, 2 = (automated) stacking cranes 3 = rail cranes, 4 = (barge cranes) | |
i = | type of movement | |
I = | number of all movements: 1 = movement over terminal, 2 = horizontal movement of spreader, 3 = hoisting spreader, 4 = lowering spreader | |
m
ih
= | executing particular type of movement for corresponding type of equipment? (binary: 0 if negative, 1 if positive) | |
e
ihl
= | energy consumption for particular type of movement, particular type of equipment and container load (kW/s) | |
a
h
= | auxiliary energy consumption for particular type of terminal equipment |
Where | t = 0 = | starting time for measuring energy consumption |
T = | final time for measuring energy consumption |
Where | h = | type of terminal equipment |
H = | number of all terminal equipment | |
i = | type of movement | |
I = | number of all movements | |
m
ih
= | executing particular type of movement for corresponding type of equipment? (binary: 0 if negative, 1 if positive) | |
e
ihl
= | energy consumption for particular type of movement, particular type of equipment and container load (kW/s) | |
a
h
= | auxiliary energy consumption for particular type of equipment |
Application of consumption model
Development of simulation model
-
Moving spreader horizontally from quay (idle position) to ship;
-
Lowering spreader above ship to get a container;
-
Lifting spreader and container from ship;
-
Moving spreader and container horizontally from ship to quay side;
-
Lowering spreader and container to terminal truck on quay side;
-
Lifting spreader from quay (to idle position).
-
Energy consumption per second (kW/s);
-
Handling time for containers (seconds);
-
Number of active quay cranes;
-
Number of lifting quay cranes;
-
Number of containers paused and their average pausing time (due to limitations imposed by the rules of operation).
Rules of operation
Restrict number of lifting quay cranes
Restrict maximal energy demand
Validation of simulation model
Container load
Container load | Container mix | Difference | Weighted difference |
---|---|---|---|
0% | 12.5% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
20% | 32.0% | 0.20% | 0.06% |
30% | 11.1% | 0.35% | 0.04% |
40% | 11.4% | 0.16% | 0.02% |
50% | 13.6% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
60% | 13.6% | 0.90% | 0.12% |
70% | 3.3% | 0.42% | 0.01% |
80% | 1.6% | 0.21% | 0.00% |
90% | 0.6% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
100% | 0.3% | 0.00% | 0.00% |
Total weighted average | 0.26% |
Peak demand
Handling time
Results
Results for limiting number of lifting quay cranes
Results for limiting maximum energy demand
Analyses of results
Implications of results
Extra handling time
Costs to containership
Costs | |
---|---|
Investment costs | € 9000,000 |
Labor costs | € 1,200,000 |
Total per year | € 10,200,000 |
Total per hour | € 1164 |
Total per second | € 0.32 |