Optimal Integration of Electric Vehicles in Smart Grid Energy Flow

This chapter provides an insight into the rapidly growing domain represented by the plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) in connection with the smart grid power system (SGPS) and bi-directional power flow. The chapter starts with an introductive Sect. 1, followed by Sect. 2, containing a review of the main aspects, which define and characterize the interaction between the EVs and the SGPS. The analysis regarding the integration of the EVs into the SGPS under the vehicle to grid (V2G) considered the three main directions: SGPS efficiency improvement, cost-effectiveness, and the reduction in greenhouse gases. After a presentation of the SGPS structure, Sect. 2 includes a brief description of the primary power produced by the wind turbine as well as the one produced by the photovoltaic panels. Both represent input powers to the SGPS, fact which classifies these two elements of SGPS as power sources, although with an intermittent character. Following Sect. 3 dedicated to the charging stations, the chapter continues with Sect. 4 allocated to modeling, simulation, and results. Firstly, this section contains detailed models dedicated to the analysis of battery charging and battery discharging, with applications to individual vehicles and considering the presence of renewable energy sources. The models expanded to multiple vehicles, scenarios, and simulations, including the discussions accompanying the results. In the last Sect. 5, the authors present the conclusions. The chapter concludes with an up to date section of references.