Parking – Evaluation of Manual and Automated Parking Maneuvers with Subjective Assessment Indicators

In this paper, an analysis of a subjective evaluation of manually and automatically executed longitudinal and lateral parking maneuvers using Subjective Assessment Indicators is presented. With the introduction of autonomous driving, parking maneuver assistants are essential functional components. Driver assistance systems will only be accepted if they perform decisively better than the human driver. Whether the performance of such a system meets expectations is ultimately a subjective impression. For this reason, an analysis of the parking performance of humans and parking assistant systems is carried out based on a new innovative subjective evaluation method. This new subjective evaluation method is based on the so-called Subjective Assessment Indicators which cover the relevant areas of a parking maneuver but still do not reach a level of detail that makes evaluation unsuitable for customer. Using the new subjective evaluation method, a driving study was conducted with 21 participants and two different test vehicles. The participants evaluated both manual and fully automated longitudinal and lateral parking maneuvers purely digitally using an evaluation app. As the results of the study show, parking assistants still have notable deficits compared to human performance in some evaluation areas and show considerable potential for improvement. As the subjective evaluation method used is suitable for all parking maneuvers and vehicle types, the results of this and potentially further studies form the basis for determining Key Performance Indicators for parking maneuvers. This enables virtual development of automated parking systems, as a link can be established to subjective customer evaluations.