Peroxidase-like nanozyme sensing arrays for versatile analytes

Nanozyme biosensors are generally constructed by using the conventional lock-and-key strategy, which may not be available for some emerging analytes without specific recognition elements. In addition, it is difficult to carry out multiplex detection. To address these challenges, array-based sensing platforms have been constructed by using peroxidase-like nanozymes (i.e., “nanozyme sensor arrays”). In this review, we highlight the newly developed nanozyme sensor arrays and their applications for detection and discrimination of various analytes, including bioactive small molecules, proteins, and cancer cells. Moreover, we discuss the use of nanozyme sensor arrays for monitoring the enzymatic hydrolysis process by tracking patterns. They were successfully used for probing the hydrolytic processes of adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP) and pyrophosphate (PPi) catalyzed by apyrase and PPase, respectively. To further enhance the robustness of output signals, ratiometric fluorescent sensor arrays were also constructed by using C₃N₄-based fluorescent nanozymes. Finally, some insights on future development for nanozyme sensor arrays were provided.