nach oben

Erschienen in:

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

12. Photocatalytic Water Splitting

verfasst von : Aleksandar Staykov, Stephen M. Lyth, Motonori Watanabe

Erschienen in: Hydrogen Energy Engineering

Verlag: Springer Japan

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter deals with the topic of photocatalytic water splitting. Photosynthesis in nature is discussed leading into artificial photosynthesis in the lab. The basic principles of photocatalytic water splitting are introduced, followed by materials used for artificial photosynthesis, visible-light-driven photocatalysis, and dye-sensitized visible-light-driven photocatalysis, inorganic visible light-driven photocatalysis, and organic–inorganic hybrid systems.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Steam Electrolysis

Nächstes Kapitel Fundamentals

Ogden JM (1999) Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure. Ann Rev Energy Environ 24:227–279CrossRef

Bard AJ, Fox AM (1995) Artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Acc Chem Res 28:141–145CrossRef

Arakawa H, Aresta M, Armor JN, Barteau MA, Beckman EJ, Bell AT, Bercaw JE, Creutz C, Dinjus E, Dixon DA, Domen K, DuBois DL, Eckert J, Fujita E, Gibson DH, Goddard WA, Goodman DW, Keller J, Kubas GJ, Kung HH, Lyons JE, Manzer LE, Marks TJ, Morokuma K, Nicholas KM, Periana R, Que L, Nielson JR, Sachtler WMH, Schmidt LD, Sen A, Somorjai GA, Stair PC, Stults Tumas W (2001) Catalysis research of relevance to carbon management: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Rev 101:953–996CrossRef

Nelson N, Ben-Shem A (2004) The complex architecture of oxygenic photosynthesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:971–982CrossRef

Field CB, Behrenfeld MJ, Randerson JT, Falkowski P (1998) Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science 281:237–240CrossRef

Yan H, Wang X, Yao M, Yao X (2013) Band structure design of semiconductors for enhanced photocatalytic activity: the case of TiO₂. Prog Nat Sci Mater Intern 23:402–407CrossRef

Inoue Y (2009) Photocatalytic water splitting by RuO₂-loaded metal oxides and nitrides with d⁰- and d¹⁰-related electronic configurations. Energy Environ Sci 2:364–386CrossRef

Linsebigler AL, Lu G, Yates JT (1995) Photocatalysis on TiOn surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results. Chem Rev 95:735–758CrossRef

Yamada Y, Yasuda H, Tayagaki T, Kanemitsu Y (2009) Photocarrier recombination dynamics in highly excited SrTiO₃ studied by transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 95:121112CrossRef

10.

Sato S, White JM (1980) Photodecomposition of water over Pt/TiO₂ catalysts. Chem Phys Lett 72:83–86CrossRef

11.

Lehn JM, Sauvage JP, Ziessel R (1980) Photochemical water splitting continuous generation of hydrogen and oxygen on irradiation of aqueous suspensions of metal loaded strontium titanate. Nouv J Chim 4:623–627

12.

Yamaguti K, Sato S (1985) Photolysis of water over metallized powdered titanium dioxide. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 1(81):1237–1246CrossRef

13.

Bamwenda GR, Tshbota S, Nakamura T, Haruta M (1995) Photoassisted hydrogen production from a water-ethanol solution: a comparison of activities of Au-TiO₂ and Pt-TiO₂. J Photochem Photobiol A 89:177–189CrossRef

14.

Iwase A, Kato H, Kudo A (2006) Nanosized Au particles as an efficient cocatalyst for photocatalytic overall water splitting. A Catal Lett 108:7–10CrossRef

15.

Domen K, Naito S, Soma M, Onishi T, Tamaru K (1980) Photocatalytic decomposition of water vapour on an NiO–SrTiO₃ catalyst. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 543–544

16.

Kawai T, Sakata T (1980) Photocatalytic decomposition of gaseous water over TiO₂ and TiO₂—RuO₂ surfaces. Chem Phys Lett 72:87–89CrossRef

17.

Inoue Y, Hayashi O, Sato K (1990) Photocatalytic activities of potassium-doped lead niobates and the effect of poling. J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 86:2277–2282CrossRef

18.

Iwase A, Kato H, Kudo A (2005) A novel photodeposition method in the presence of nitrate ions for loading of an iridium oxide cocatalyst for water splitting. Chem Lett 34:946–947CrossRef

19.

Hara M, Waraksa C, Lean JT, Lewis BA, Mallouk TE (2000) Photocatalytic water oxidation in a buffered Tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex-colloidal IrO₂ system. J Phys Chem 104:5275–5280CrossRef

20.

Sato J, Saito N, Yamada Y, Maeda K, Takata T, Kondo JN, Hara M, Kobayashi H, Domen K, Inoue Y (2005) RuO₂-loaded β-Ge₃N₄ as a non-oxide photocatalyst for overall water splitting. J Am Chem Soc 127:4150–4151

21.

Honda K, Fujishima A (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238:37–38CrossRef

22.

Bard AJ (1980) Photoelectrochemistry. Science 207:139–144CrossRef

23.

Kato H, Kudo A (2003) New tantalate photocatalysts for water decomposition into H₂ and O₂. Chem Phys Lett 295:487–492CrossRef

24.

Kato H, Kudo A (2003) Photocatalytic water splitting into H₂ and O₂ over various tantalate photocatalysts. Catal Today 78:561–569CrossRef

25.

Kudo A, Kato H (2000) Effect of lanthanide-doping into NaTaO₃ photocatalysts for efficient water splitting. Chem Phys Lett 331:373–377CrossRef

26.

Kato H, Asakura K, Kudo A (2003) Highly efficient water splitting into H₂ and O₂ over lanthanum-doped NaTaO₃ photocatalysts with high crystallinity and surface nanostructure. J Am Chem Soc 125:3082–3089CrossRef

27.

Iwase A, Kato H, Okutomi H, Kudo A (2004) Formation of surface nano-step structures and improvement of photocatalytic activities of NaTaO₃ by doping of alkaline earth metal ions. Chem Lett 33:1260–1261CrossRef

28.

Bird RE, Hulstrom RK, Lewis LJ (1983) Terrestrial solar spectral data sets. Sol Energy 30:563–573CrossRef

29.

Scaife DE (1980) Oxide semiconductors in photoelectrochemical conversion of solar energy. Sol Energy 25:41–54CrossRef

30.

Xin G, Guo W, Ma T (2009) Effect of annealing temperature on the photocatalytic activity of WO₃ for O₂ evolution. Appl Surf Sci 256:165–169CrossRef

31.

Enea O, Bard AJ (1986) Photoredox Reactions at semiconductor particles incorporated into clays. CdS and. ZnS + CdS mixtures in colloidal montmorillonite suspensions. J Phys Chem 90:301–306CrossRef

32.

Hirai T, Okubo H, Komasawa I (1999) Size-selective incorporation of CdS nanoparticles into mesoporous silica. J Phys Chem B 103:4228–4230CrossRef

33.

Li Q, Guo B, Yu J, Ran J, Zhang B, Yan H, Gong JR (2011) Highly efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen production of CdS-cluster-decorated graphene nanosheets. J Am Chem Soc 133:10878–10884CrossRef

34.

Hoffman AJ, Mills G, Yee H, Hoffmann MR (1992) Q-sized cadmium sulfide: synthesis, characterization, and efficiency of photoinitiation of polymerization of several vinylic monomers. J Phys Chem 96:5546–5552CrossRef

35.

Maeda K, Domen K (2007) New non-oxide photocatalysts designed for overall water splitting under visible light. J Phys Chem C 111:7851–7861CrossRef

36.

Kasahara A, Nukumizu K, Hitoki G, Takata T, Kondo JN, Hara M, Kobayashi H, Domen K (2002) Photoreactions on LaTiO₂N under visible light irradiation. J Phys Chem A 106:6750–6753CrossRef

37.

Hitoki G, Takata T, Kondo JN, Hara M, Kobayashi H, Domen K (2002) Electrochemistry (Tokyo, Jpn.) 70:463–465

38.

Hitoki G, Takata T, Kondo JN, Hara M, Kobayashi H, Domen K (2002) An oxynitride, TaON, as an efficient water oxidation photocatalyst under visible light irradiation (λ ≤ 500 nm). Chem Commun 16:1698–1699

39.

Hitoki G, Ishikawa A, Takata T, Kondo JN, Hara M, Domen K (2002) Ta₃N₅ as a novel visible light-driven photocatalyst (<600 nm). Chem Lett 7:736–737CrossRef

40.

Yamasita D, Takata T, Hara M, Kondo JN, Domen K (2004) Recent progress of visible-light-driven heterogeneous photocatalysts for overall water splitting. Solid State Ion 172:591–595CrossRef

41.

Maeda K, Takata T, Hara M, Saito N, Inoue Y, Kobayashi H, Domen K (2005) GaN:ZnO solid solution as a photocatalyst for visible-light-driven overall water splitting. J Am Chem Soc 127:8286–8287CrossRef

42.

Maeda K, Teramura K, Takata T, Hara M, Saito N, Toda K, Inoue Y, Kobayashi H, Domen K (2005) Overall water splitting on (Ga1-xZnx)(N1-xOx) solid solution photocatalyst: relationship between physical properties and photocatalytic activity. J Phys Chem B 109:20504–20510CrossRef

43.

Maeda K, Teramura K, Lu D, Takata T, Saito N, Inoue Y, Domen K (2006) Photocatalyst releasing hydrogen from water. Nature 440:295CrossRef

44.

Sun X, Maeda K, Faucheur ML, Teramura K, Domen K (2007) Preparation of (Ga_1−xZn_x) (N_1−xO_x) solid-solution from ZnGa₂O₄ and ZnO as a photo-catalyst for overall water splitting under visible light. Appl Catal A 327:114–121CrossRef

45.

Maeda K, Teramura K, Domen K (2008) Effect of post-calcination on photocatalytic activity of (Ga_1−xZn_x)(N_1−xO_x) solid solution for overall water splitting under visible light. J Catal 254:198–204CrossRef

46.

Zhao J, Wu W, Sun J, Guo S (2013) Triplet photosensitizers: from molecular design to applications. Chem Soc Rev 42:5323–5351CrossRef

47.

Tsubomura H, Matsumura M, Nomura Y, Amamiya T (1976) Dye sensitised zinc oxide: aqueous electrolyte: platinum photocell. Nature 261:402–403CrossRef

48.

O’Regan B, Grätzel M (1991) A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO₂ films. Nature 353:737–740CrossRef

49.

Borgarello E, Kiwi J, Pelizzetti E, Visca M, Gratzel M (1981) Sustained water cleavage by visible light. J Am Chem Soc 103:6324–6329CrossRef

50.

Houlding VH, Gratzel M (1983) Photochemical hydrogen generation by visible light. Sensitization of titanium dioxide particles by surface complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline. J Am Chem Soc 105:5695–5696CrossRef

51.

Abe R, Hara K, Sayama K, Domen K, Arakawa H (2000) Steady hydrogen evolution from water on Eosin Y-fixed TiO₂ photocatalyst using a silane-coupling reagent under visible light irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A 137:63–69CrossRef

52.

Watanabe M, Hagiwara H, Iribe A, Ogata Y, Shiomi K, Staykov A, Ida S, Tanaka K, Ishihara T (2014) Spacer effects in metal-free organic dyes for visible-light-driven dye-sensitized photocatalytic hydrogen production. J Mater Chem A 2:12952–12961CrossRef

53.

Han WS, Wee KR, Kim HY, Pac C, Nabetani Y, Yamamoto D, Shimada T, Inoue H, Choi H, Cho K, Kang SO (2012) Hydrophilicity control of visible-light hydrogen evolution and dynamics of the charge-separated state in Dye/TiO₂/Pt hybrid systems. Chem Eur J 18:15368–15381CrossRef

54.

Lee J, Kwak J, Ko KC, Park JH, Ko JH, Park N, Kim E, Ryu DH, Ahn TK, Lee JY, Son SU (2012) Phenothiazine-based organic dyes with two anchoring groups on TiO₂ for highly efficient visible light-induced water splitting. Chem Commun 48:11431–11433

55.

Kim W, Tachikawa T, Majima T. Choi W (2009) Photocatalysis of dye-sensitized TiO₂ nanoparticles with thin overcoat of Al₂O₃: enhanced activity for H₂ production and dechlorination of CCl₄. J Phys Chem C 113:10603–10609

56.

Zhang LX, Veikko U, Mao J, Cai P, Peng T (2012) Visible-light-induced photocatalytic hydrogen production over binuclear Ru II—bipyridyl dye-sensitized TiO₂ without noble metal. Chem Eur J 18:12103–12111CrossRef

57.

Hara M, Waraksa CC, Lean JT, Lewis BA, Mallouk TE (2000) Photocatalytic water oxidation in a buffered tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium complex-colloidal IrO₂ system. J Phys Chem A 104:5275–5280CrossRef

58.

Youngblood WJ, Lee SHA, Kobayashi Y, Hernandez-Pagan EA, Hoertz PG, Moore TA, Moore NL, Gust D, Mallouk TE (2009) Photoassisted overall water splitting in a visible light-absorbing dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cell. J Am Chem Soc 131:926–927CrossRef

59.

Bard AJ (1979) Photoelectrochemistry and heterogeneous photo-catalysis at semiconductors. J Photochem 10:59–75CrossRef

60.

Sayama K, Mukasa K, Abe R, Abe Y, Arakawa H (2001) Stoichiometric water splitting into H₂ and O₂ using a mixture of two different photocatalysts and an IO₃ ⁻/I⁻ shuttle redox mediator under visible light irradiation. Chem Commun 23:2416–2417

61.

Abe R, Sayama K, Sugihara H (2005) Development of new photocatalytic water splitting into H₂ and O₂ using two different semiconductor photocatalysts and a shuttle redox mediator IO ₃ ^- /I^-. J Phys Chem B 109:16052–16061CrossRef

62.

Higashi M, Abe R, Teramura K, Takata T, Ohtani B, Domen K (2008) Two step water splitting into H₂ and O₂ under visible light by ATaO₂N (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) and WO₃ with IO ₃ ^- /I^- shuttle redox mediator. Chem Phys Lett 452:120–123CrossRef

63.

Abe R, Takata T, Sugihara H, Domenb K (2005) Photocatalytic overall water splitting under visible light by TaON and WO₃ with an IO₃ ⁻/I⁻ shuttle redox mediator. Chem Commun 3829–3831

64.

Maeda K, Higashi M, Lu D, Abe R, Domen K (2010) Efficient nonsacrificial water splitting through two-step photoexcitation by visible light using a modified oxynitride as a hydrogen evolution photocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 132:5858–5868CrossRef

65.

Kato H, Hori M, Konta R, Shimodaira Y, Kudo A (2004) Construction of Z-scheme type heterogeneous photocatalysis systems for water splitting into H₂ and O₂ under visible light irradiation. Chem Lett 33:1348–1349CrossRef

66.

Sasaki Y, Nemoto H, Saito K, Kudo A (2009) Solar water splitting using powdered photocatalysts driven by Z-schematic interparticle electron transfer without an electron mediator. J Phys Chem C 113:17536–17542CrossRef

67.

Gratzel M (1999) The artificial leaf, bio-mimetic photocatalysis. Cattech 3:4–17

68.

Grätzel M (2001) Photoelectrochemical cells. Nature 414:338–344CrossRef

69.

Abe R, Shinmei K, Hara K, Ohtania B (2009) Robust dye-sensitized overall water splitting system with two-step photoexcitation of coumarin dyes and metal oxide semiconductors. Chem Commun 24:3577–3579

70.

Hagiwara H, Ono N, Inoue T, Matsumoto H, Ishihara T (2006) Dye-sensitizer effects on a Pt/KTa(Zr)O₃ catalyst for the photocatalytic splitting of water. Angew Chem Int Ed 45:1420–1422CrossRef

71.

Hagiwara H, Inoue T, Kaneko K, Ishihara T (2009) Charge-transfer mechanism in Pt/KTa(Zr)O₃ photocatalysts modified with porphyrinoids for water splitting. Chem Eur J 15:12862–12870CrossRef

72.

Hagiwara H, Watanabe M, Daio T, Ida S, Ishihara T (2014) Modification effects of meso-hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)[26] hexaphyrin aggregates on the photocatalytic water splitting. Chem Commun 50:12515–12518

73.

Zhang Y, Mao F, Yan H, Liu K, Cao H, Wua J, Xiao D (2015) A polymer–metal–polymer–metal heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production. J Mater Chem A 3:109–115CrossRef

74.

Iwase A, Ng YH, Ishiguro Y, Kudo A, Amal R (2011) Reduced graphene oxide as a solid-state electron mediator in Z-scheme photocatalytic water splitting under visible light. J Am Chem Soc 133:11054–11057CrossRef

75.

Lightcap IV, Kosel TH, Kamat PV (2010) Anchoring semiconductor and metal nanoparticles on a two-dimensional catalyst mat. Storing and shuttling electrons with reduced graphene oxide. Nano Lett 10:577–583CrossRef

Titel: Photocatalytic Water Splitting
verfasst von: Aleksandar Staykov
Stephen M. Lyth
Motonori Watanabe
Verlag: Springer Japan
Buch: Hydrogen Energy Engineering
Print ISBN: 978-4-431-56040-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-4-431-56042-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56042-5_12