nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Physical, Morphological, Structural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibers

verfasst von : C. H. Lee, A. Khalina, S. H. Lee, F. N. M. Padzil, Z. M. A. Ainun

Erschienen in: Pineapple Leaf Fibers

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Natural fibers have drawn significant attention globally for its adverse effect on the environment, lower cost and superior performance. Leaf or hard fibers are tough plant fibers, extracted from leaves of a monocotyledonous plant which has parallel-veined leaves. Pineapple leaf fibers (PALFs) are usually disposed of with an extremely low value due to lack of adequate skills. With a suitable platform, it can be fully utilized. PALF was found to be very high in cellulose contents which contribute to high strength performance. However, various factors make it perform differently. The changes in density and diameter of PALF had been found closely related to its strength. Apart from this, surface morphology of PALF reviewed that the location of leaf fiber and surface conditions provided various interlocking quality and optimum applications. On the other hand, PALF treatment observed better strength properties with evidence under infrared spectroscopy. The nanofibrils PALF from acid hydrolysis treatment provided better adhesion force and higher crystallinity index but high hydrophilicity verified by high moisture absorptions. Higher crystallinity index provided the fiber a good strength performance and an excellent spinnability, which allows it to be used in yarn and textile industries. On the contrary, high cellulose content of PALF has a promising fire-retardant behavior. PALF has a high potential for advanced material substitutions. Unfortunately, underutilized PALF is only disposed of as landfills and low-cost feedstock. The development and utilization of PALF could be the solution for the disposal problem as well as to increase the national income of a country.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Chemical, Physical and Biological Treatments of Pineapple Leaf Fibres

Nächstes Kapitel Improving Flame Retardancy of Pineapple Leaf Fibers

Ain Ibrahim N, Azraaie N, Aimi Mohd Zainul Abidin N, mamat razali NA, Abdul Aziz F, Zakaria S (2014) Preparation and characterization of alpha cellulose of pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf fibres (PALF). Adv Mat Res, 895, 147–150. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.895.147

Alwani MS, Khalil A, Islam MN, Nadirah WW, Dungani R (2014) Fundamental approaches for the application of pineapple leaf fiber in high performance reinforced composites. Polimery 59. https://doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2014.798

Asim M, Abdan K, Jawaid M, Nasir M, Dashtizadeh Z, Ishak MR, Hoque ME (2015) A review on pineapple leaves fibre and its composites. Int J Polym Sci 2015:16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/950567 CrossRef

Asim M, Jawaid M, Abdan K, Ishak MR (2016) Effect of alkali and silane treatments on mechanical and fibre-matrix bond strength of kenaf and pineapple leaf fibres. J Bionic Eng 13(3):426–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6529(16)60315-3CrossRef

Balakrishnan P, Gopi S, Geethamma VG, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S (2018) Cellulose nanofiber vs nanocrystals from pineapple leaf fiber: a comparative studies on reinforcing efficiency on starch nanocomposites. Macromol Symposia 380(1):1800102. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.201800102CrossRef

Balakrishnan P, Sreekala MS, Kunaver M, Huskic M, Thomas S (2017) Morphology, transport characteristics and viscoelastic polymer chain confinement in nanocomposites based on thermoplastic potato starch and cellulose nanofibers from pineapple leaf. Carbohydr Polym, 169, 176–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.017

Bartholomew D, Paull R, Rohrbach DP (2003) The pineapple: botany, production and uses. CABI Publishing, WallingfordCrossRef

Bunsell AR, Joannès S, Marcellan A (2018) 2—Testing and characterization of fibers. In: Bunsell AR (ed) Handbook of properties of textile and technical fibres, 2nd ed. Woodhead Publishing, pp 21–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101272-7.00002-X

Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y, Chen P, Zhang M, Hai Y (2011) Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohyd Polym 83(4):1804–1811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.10.040CrossRef

10.

Chen W, Yu H, Liu Y, Hai Y, Zhang M, Chen P (2011) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibers from four plant cellulose fibers using a chemical-ultrasonic process. Cellulose 18(2):433–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-011-9497-zCrossRef

11.

Chen X, Yu J, Zhang Z, Lu C (2011) Study on structure and thermal stability properties of cellulose fibers from rice straw. Carbohyd Polym 85(1):245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.02.022CrossRef

12.

Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Costa LMM, de Olyveira GM, Kottaisamy M, Nagarajan ER, Thomas S (2011) Cellulose nanocomposites with nanofibres isolated from pineapple leaf fibers for medical applications. Carbohyd Polym 86(4):1790–1798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.07.009CrossRef

13.

Cherian BM, Leão AL, de Souza SF, Thomas S, Pothan LA, Kottaisamy M (2010) Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion. Carbohyd Polym 81(3):720–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.046CrossRef

14.

Chirayil CJ, Joy J, Mathew L, Mozetic M, Koetz J, Thomas S (2014) Isolation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from Helicteres isora plant. Ind Crops Prod 59:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.020CrossRef

15.

Dashtizadeh Z, Khalina A, Cardona F, Lee CH (2019) Mechanical characteristics of green composites of short kenaf bast fiber reinforced in cardanol. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2019:6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8645429CrossRef

16.

Daud Z, Zainuri Mohd Hatta M, Kassim A, Awang H, Mohd Aripin A (2013) Exploring of agro waste (pineapple leaf, corn stalk, and napier grass) by chemical composition and morphological study. BioResources 9. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.1.872-880

17.

Gebino G, Muhammed N (2018) Extraction and characterization of ethiopian pineapple leaf fiber. Curr Trends Fash Technol Text Eng 4(4):1–7. https://doi.org/10.19080/CTFTTE.2018.04.555644CrossRef

18.

George J, Bhagawan S, Prabhakaran N, Thomas S (1995) Short pineapple-leaf-fiber-reinforced low-density polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 57. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070570708

19.

Grumo J, Jabber LJ, Patricio J, Magdadaro MR, Lubguban A, Alguno A (2017) Alkali and bleach treatment of the extracted cellulose from pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaves. J Fundam Appl Sci 9. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i7s.13

20.

Hao LC, Sapuan SM, Hassan MR, Sheltami RM (2018) 2—Natural fiber reinforced vinyl polymer composites. In: Sapuan SM, Ismail H, Zainudin ES (eds) Natural fibre reinforced vinyl ester and vinyl polymer composites. Woodhead Publishing, pp 27–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102160-6.00002-0

21.

Hermans PH, Weidinger A (1961) Quantitative investigation of the X-ray diffraction picture of some typical rayon specimens: Part I. Text Res J 31(6):558–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051756103100607CrossRef

22.

Hong Dong C, Lv Z, Zhang L, Jie Shen H, Na Li N, Zhu P (2014) Structure and characteristics of pineapple leaf fibers obtained from pineapple leaves. Adv Mater Res 998–999. www.scientific.net/AMR.998-999.316

23.

Hossain F (2016) World pineapple production: an overview. Afr J Food Agric Nutri Dev 16. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.76.15620

24.

Huda MS, Drzal LT, Mohanty AK, Misra M (2008) Effect of chemical modifications of the pineapple leaf fiber surfaces on the interfacial and mechanical properties of laminated biocomposites. Compos Interfaces 15(2–3):169–191. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855408783810920CrossRef

25.

Jain J, Jain S, Sinha S (2018) Characterization and thermal kinetic analysis of pineapple leaf fibers and their reinforcement in epoxy. J Elastom Plast 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095244318783024

26.

Kabir M, Islam M, Wang HAO (2013) Mechanical and thermal properties of jute fibre reinforced composites, vol 1. J Multifunct Compos. https://doi.org/10.12783/issn.2168-4286/1.1/islam

27.

Kaewpirom S, Worrarat C (2014) Preparation and properties of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced poly(lactic acid) green composites. Fibers Polym 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12221-014-1469-0

28.

Kang J, Dengler N (2004) Vein pattern development in adult leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Plant Sci 165(2):231–242. https://doi.org/10.1086/382794CrossRef

29.

Kang S-K, Lee D-B, Choi N-S (2009) Fiber/epoxy interfacial shear strength measured by the microdroplet test. Compos Sci Technol 69(2):245–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.10.016CrossRef

30.

Kaushik A, Singh M, Verma G (2010) Green nanocomposites based on thermoplastic starch and steam exploded cellulose nanofibrils from wheat straw. Carbohyd Polym 82(2):337–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.063CrossRef

31.

Lee CH, Sapuan SM, Hassan MR (2018) Thermal analysis of kenaf fiber reinforced floreon biocomposites with magnesium hydroxide flame retardant filler. Polym Compos 39(3):869–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24010CrossRef

32.

Lee CH, Sapuan SM, Lee JH, Hassan MR (2016) Melt volume flow rate and melt flow rate of kenaf fibre reinforced floreon/magnesium hydroxide biocomposites. SpringerPlus 5(1):1680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3044-1CrossRef

33.

Lee CH, Salit MS, Hassan MR (2014) A review of the flammability factors of kenaf and allied fibre reinforced polymer composites. Adv Mater Sci Eng 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/514036

34.

Leão AL, Cherian BM, Narine S, Souza SF, Sain M, Thomas S (2015) 7—The use of pineapple leaf fibers (PALFs) as reinforcements in composites. In: Faruk O, Sain M (eds) Biofiber reinforcements in composite materials. Woodhead Publishing, pp 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782421276.2.211

35.

Lim WC, Srinivasakannan C, Al Shoaibi A (2015) Cleaner production of porous carbon from palm shells through recovery and reuse of phosphoric acid. J Clean Prod 102:501–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.04.100CrossRef

36.

Luo S, Netravali AN (1999) Interfacial and mechanical properties of environment-friendly “green” composites made from pineapple fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin. J Mater Sci 34(15):3709–3719. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004659507231CrossRef

37.

Mahardika M, Abral H, Kasim A, Arief S, Asrofi M (2018) Production of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibers via high-shear homogenization and ultrasonication. Fibers 6(2):28CrossRef

38.

Manfredi LB, Rodríguez ES, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Vázquez A (2006) Thermal degradation and fire resistance of unsaturated polyester, modified acrylic resins and their composites with natural fibres. Polym Degrad Stab 91(2):255–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.05.003CrossRef

39.

Maniruzzaman M, Rahman MA, Gafur MA, Fabritius H, Raabe D (2012) Modification of pineapple leaf fibers and graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto modified fibers. J Compos Mater 46(1):79–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998311410486CrossRef

40.

Mecánica I, Jaramillo N, Hoyos D, Santa J (2016) Composites with pineapple-leaf fibers manufactured by layered compression molding. Ingeniería y competitividad 18

41.

Mittal M, Chaudhary R (2018) Experimental study on the water absorption and surface characteristics of alkali treated pineapple leaf fibre and coconut husk fibre. Int J Appl Eng Res 13.15 (2018): 12237–12243

42.

Mohamed AR, Sapuan SM, Shahjahan M, Khalina A (2009) Characterization of pineapple leaf fibers from selected Malaysian cultivars. J Food Agric Environ 7(1):235–240

43.

Mopoung S, Amornsakchai P (2016) Microporous activated carbon fiber from pineapple leaf fiber by H₃PO₄ activation. Asian J Sci Res 9:24–33. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajsr.2016.24.33CrossRef

44.

Morán JI, Alvarez VA, Cyras VP, Vázquez A (2008) Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers. Cellulose 15(1):149–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9145-9CrossRef

45.

Mwaikambo L (2006) Review of the history, properties and application of plant fibres. Afr J Sci Technol 7(2):120–133

46.

Ndungu S (2014) A report on conventional pineapple production in Kenya Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC), Sweden

47.

Neild RE, Boshell F (1976) An agroclimatic procedure and survey of the pineapple production potential of Colombia. Agric Meteorol 17(2):81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(76)90024-8CrossRef

48.

Nelson ML, O’Connor RT (1964) Relation of certain infrared bands to cellulose crystallinity and crystal latticed type. Part I. Spectra of lattice types I, II, III and of amorphous cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 8(3):1311–1324. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080322

49.

Oliveira Glória G, Altoe G, Amoy Netto P, Margem F, de Oliveira Braga F, Neves Monteiro S (2016) Density Weibull analysis of pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) with different diameters. Mater Sci Forum 869. www.scientific.net/MSF.869.384

50.

Park S, Baker JO, Himmel ME, Parilla PA, Johnson DK (2010) Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-3-10CrossRef

51.

Pickering KL, Efendy MGA, Le TM (2016) A review of recent developments in natural fibre composites and their mechanical performance. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 83:98–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.038CrossRef

52.

Pietak A, Korte-Kerzel S, Tan E, Downard A, Staiger M (2007) Atomic force microscopy characterization of the surface wettability of natural fibres. Appl Surf Sci 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.07.082

53.

Pitkethly MJ, Favre JP, Gaur U, Jakubowski J, Mudrich SF, Caldwell DL, Drzal LT, Nardin M, Wagner HD, Di Landro L, Hampe A, Armistead JP, Desaeger M, Verpoest I (1993) A round-robin programme on interfacial test methods. Compos Sci Technol 48(1):205–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(93)90138-7CrossRef

54.

Poletto M, Ornaghi HL, Zattera AJ (2014) Native cellulose: structure, characterization and thermal properties. Mater (Basel) 7(9):6105–6119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096105CrossRef

55.

Poletto M, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC (2012) Structural differences between wood species: evidence from chemical composition, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 126(S1):E337–E344. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36991CrossRef

56.

Pornwannachai W, Ebdon JR, Kandola BK (2018) Fire-resistant natural fibre-reinforced composites from flame retarded textiles. Polym Degrad Stab 154:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.019CrossRef

57.

Prado KdSd, Spinacé MAdS (2015) Characterization of fibers from pineapple’s crown, rice husks and cotton textile residues. Mater Res 18:530–537CrossRef

58.

Py C, Lacoeuilhe JJ, Teisson C (1987) The pineapple: cultivation and uses. Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris

59.

Rachini A, Le Troedec M, Peyratout C, Smith A (2009) Comparison of the thermal degradation of natural, alkali-treated and silane-treated hemp fibers under air and an inert atmosphere. J Appl Polym Sci 112(1):226–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.29412CrossRef

60.

Ramos Cassellis M, Sánchez-Pardo M, López MR, Mora-Escobedo R (2014) Structural, physicochemical and functional properties of industrial residues of pineapple (Ananas comosus). Cell Chem Technol, 48, 633–641

61.

Rao KMM, Rao KM (2007) Extraction and tensile properties of natural fibers: Vakka, date and bamboo. Compos Struct 77(3):288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.07.023CrossRef

62.

Revol BP, Thomassey M, Ruch F, Bouquey M, Nardin M (2017) Single fibre model composite: interfacial shear strength measurements between reactive polyamide-6 and cellulosic or glass fibres by microdroplet pullout test. Compos Sci Technol 148:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2017.05.018CrossRef

63.

Roman M, Winter W (2004) Effect of sulfate groups from sulfuric acid hydrolysis on the thermal degradation behavior of bacterial cellulose. Biomacromolecules 5. https://doi.org/10.1021/bm034519+

64.

Roque R, Muñoz-Acosta F, Roy Soto F, Mata-Segreda J (2013) An anatomical comparison between bunch and fruit of oil palm with pineapple leaf and three woods from plantations in costa rica. J Oil Palm Res 25

65.

Saha SC, Das BK, Ray PK, Pandey SN, Goswami K (1991) Infrared spectra of raw and chemically modified pineapple leaf fiber (Annanus comosus). J Appl Polym Sci 43(10):1885–1890. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1991.070431013CrossRef

66.

Samal RK, Ray MC (1997) Effect of chemical modifications on FTIR spectra. II. Physicochemical behavior of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF). J Appl Polym Sci 64(11):2119–2125

67.

Sanjay MR, Siengchin S, Parameswaranpillai J, Jawaid M, Pruncu CI, Khan A (2019) A comprehensive review of techniques for natural fibers as reinforcement in composites: preparation, processing and characterization. Carbohydr Polym 207:108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.11.083

68.

Santos RMd, Flauzino Neto WP, Silvério HA, Martins DF, Dantas NO, Pasquini D (2013) Cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple leaf, a new approach for the reuse of this agro-waste. Ind Crops Prod 50:707–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.08.049CrossRef

69.

Sathishkumar TP, Navaneethakrishnan P, Shankar S, Rajasekar R (2013) Characterization of new cellulose sansevieria ehrenbergii fibers for polymer composites. Compos Interfaces 20(8):575–593. https://doi.org/10.1080/15685543.2013.816652CrossRef

70.

Segal L, Creely JJ, Martin AE, Conrad CM (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29(10):786–794. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051755902901003CrossRef

71.

Seki Y, Sarikanat M, Sever K, Durmuşkahya C (2013) Extraction and properties of Ferula communis (chakshir) fibers as novel reinforcement for composites materials. Compos B Eng 44(1):517–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.03.013CrossRef

72.

Sena Neto AR, Araujo MAM, Barboza RMP, Fonseca AS, Tonoli GHD, Souza FVD, Mattoso LHC, Marconcini JM (2015) Comparative study of 12 pineapple leaf fiber varieties for use as mechanical reinforcement in polymer composites. Ind Crops Prod 64:68–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.042CrossRef

73.

Sena Neto AR, Araujo MAM, Souza FVD, Mattoso LHC, Marconcini JM (2013) Characterization and comparative evaluation of thermal, structural, chemical, mechanical and morphological properties of six pineapple leaf fiber varieties for use in composites. Ind Crops Prod 43:529–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.001CrossRef

74.

Senthamaraikannan P, Saravanakumar SS, Arthanarieswaran VP, Sugumaran P (2015) Physicochemical properties of new cellulosic fibers from bark of Acacia planifrons. Int J Polym Anal Charact 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023666x.2016.1133138

75.

Silva MC, Lopes OR, Colodette JL, Porto AO, Rieumont J, Chaussy D, Belgacem MN, Silva GG (2008) Characterization of three non-product materials from a bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp mill, in view of valorising them as a source of cellulose fibres. Ind Crops Prod 27(3):288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.11.005CrossRef

76.

Sipiao BLS, Paiva RLM, Goulart SAS, Mulinari DR (2011) Effect of chemical modification on mechanical behaviour of polypropylene reinforced pineapple crown fibers composites. Procedia Engineer, 10, 2028–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.336

77.

Siqueira G, Bras J, Dufresne A (2010) Luffa cylindrica as a lignocellulosic source of fiber, microfibrillated cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals. BioResources 5(2)

78.

Siregar J, Sapuan S, Ab Rahman MZ, Mohd Dahlan KZH (2011) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calometric (DSC) analysis of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. Pertanika J Sci Technol 19(1):161–170

79.

Teles MCA, Glória GO, Altoé GR, Amoy Netto P, Margem FM, Braga FO, Monteiro SN (2015) Evaluation of the diameter influence on the tensile strength of pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) by Weibull method. Mater Res 18:185–192CrossRef

80.

Varma I, Anantha Krishnan SR, Krishnamoorthy S (1989) Effect of chemical treatment on density and crystallinity of jute fibers. Textile Res J 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/004051758905900609

81.

Versino F, García MA (2014) Cassava (Manihot esculenta) starch films reinforced with natural fibrous filler. Ind Crops Prod 58:305–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.04.040CrossRef

82.

Wada M, Okano T (2001) Localization of Iα and Iβ phases in algal cellulose revealed by acid treatments. Cellulose 8(3):183–188. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013196220602CrossRef

83.

Wada M, Sugiyama J, Okano T (1993) Native celluloses on the basis of two crystalline phase (Iα/Iβ) system. J Appl Polym Sci 49(8):1491–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070490817CrossRef

84.

Yusof Y, bin Mat Nawi N, Bin Alias MSH (2016) Pineapple leaf fiber and pineapple peduncle fiber analyzing and characterization for yarn production. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 11

85.

Zhandarov SF, Pisanova EV (1996) Two interfacial shear strength calculations based on the single fiber composite test. Mech Compos Mater 31(4):325–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00632619CrossRef

86.

Zhao J, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang X, Lu C, Deng Y (2013) Extraction of cellulose nanofibrils from dry softwood pulp using high shear homogenization. Carbohyd Polym 97(2):695–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.050CrossRef

87.

Zin MH, Abdan K, Mazlan N, Zainudin ES, Liew KE (2018) The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 368(1):012035CrossRef

Titel: Physical, Morphological, Structural, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fibers
verfasst von: C. H. Lee
A. Khalina
S. H. Lee
F. N. M. Padzil
Z. M. A. Ainun
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: Pineapple Leaf Fibers
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-1415-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-1416-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1416-6_6

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht