Plug-in Hybrid Electric Buses with Different Battery Chemistries Total Cost of Ownership Planning and Optimization at Fleet Level Based on Battery Aging

This chapter focuses on a hierarchical energy management strategy design methodology for total cost of ownership management at fleet level. A state of the art is presented of the different proposed learning-based energy management strategies and fleet energy management approaches. Digitalization, the new trend of monitoring the operation of each vehicle, and cloud computing new techniques, allowing to carry out heavier calculations on servers, have derived from new energy management strategy techniques and degrees of freedom. The fleet operation data acquisition allows to upgrade the management level from the local vehicle level to the fleet level. The fleet-level point of view facilitates the decisions when updating the energy management strategy and gives an additional degree of freedom of managing and optimizing the whole fleet. To exploit the new degrees of freedom, the fleet is reorganized, and the energy management strategy is updated throughout the bus lifetime. These decisions are made based on the planned total cost of ownership for each type of plug-in hybrid electric bus with determined battery chemistry. The most suitable decisions will be evaluated according to each type of bus, optimizing the total cost of ownership further. Improvements of the whole total cost of ownership in both fleets have been obtained, proving the need of EMS update and fleet reorganization.