nach oben

Erschienen in:

2013 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Poverty and Inequality

verfasst von : Udaya R. Waglé

Erschienen in: The Heterogeneity Link of the Welfare State and Redistribution

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Poverty and economic inequality are two of the most highly contested policy issues in both developing and advanced countries. While poverty is frequently associated with the lack of economic progress with the view that greater progress brought about by increasing economic growth and expanding economic opportunities can lower the experience of poverty, the prevalence of poverty amidst the plenty in high-income countries has also been a difficult challenge for policymakers. The issue first is whether or not individuals can derive earnings from the labor market that are sufficient to maintain a basic living standard, which if deficient for reasons beyond the control of individuals can be addressed by some state measures. But the idea of basic living standard itself can be politically charged as what is needed to maintain this standard largely determines the poverty measurement outcomes showing the face of poverty in any society. It is in this relative sense that the issues of poverty and inequality become highly contested as they touch on who has the responsibility to ensure economic security and whose responsibility it is to determine to what extent poverty and inequality are tolerated.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel The Welfare State

Nächstes Kapitel Ethnic Heterogeneity and the Welfare State

The LIS (2013) defines disposable household income as the sum of cash or noncash incomes from paid work, capital, social security and assistance transfers, and private transfers, after subtracting the amount of income taxes and social contributions. The equivalence scale used takes the form of the unadjusted household income divided by square root of the number of household members regardless of their age or relationship. Other features used in computing these figures include weighting by person-level adjusted weights, top and bottom coding of incomes (at one percent of the equivalized mean income and 1,000% of the median of nonequivalized income, respectively), and exclusion of all missing or zero household incomes. Additional methodological guides and documentations can be obtained from the LIS (2013).

Even when these surveys are conducted annually, the LIS database provides data with some intervals as they need to go through the process of data mining, or “lisification” to ensure comparability across countries.

It must be noted that the number of years for which data are available is limited for the entire period and especially for the decade-wise breakdowns. In many cases, for example, the decade-wise coverage goes further down to 1 year only. While this limited variability has implications for the definitiveness of estimates, the use of data from nationally representative surveys makes them reasonably valid and accurate.

This new measure misses the intuitive appeal and meaning offered by its original variables, however. It cannot be interpreted as showing the percent population or percent distribution of incomes in the strictest sense, for example, since the two original measures are multiplied together. Yet, this provides an important basis for cross-national comparisons by aggregating the measures of poverty and inequality into a summary indicator.

Alesina A, Rodrik D (1994) Distributive politics and economic growth. Quart J Econ 109(2):465–490

Alkire S, Foster J (2011a) Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. J Publ Econ 95:476–487

Alkire S, Foster J (2011b) Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement. J Econ Inequal 9:289–314

APSA Task Force on Inequality and American Democracy (2004) American democracy in an age of rising inequality. Perspect Polit 2(4):651–666

Atkinson AB (1972) On the measurement of inequality. J Econ Theory 2:244–263

Atkinson A (2004) Increased income inequality in OECD countries and the redistributive impact of the government budget. In: Cornia G (ed) Inequality, growth, and poverty in an era of liberalization and globalization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 221–248

Atkinson AB, Bourguingnon FJ (2001) Poverty and inclusion from a world perspective. In: Stiglitz J, Muet P-A (eds) Governance, equity, and global markets. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 151–164

Barry B (2002) Social exclusion, social isolation, and the distribution of income. In: Hills J, Le Grand J, Piachaud D (eds) Understanding social exclusion. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp 13–29

Bhalla AS, Lapeyre F (1997) Social exclusion: toward an analytical and operational framework. Dev Change 28(3):413–433

Birdsall N (2004) Why global inequality matters? In: Collins SM, Graham C (eds) Bookings trade forum 2004: globalization, poverty, and inequality. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp 297–303

Birkelund G (2006) Welfare states and social inequality: key issues in contemporary cross-national research on social stratification and mobility. Res Soc Strat Mob 24(4):333–351

Blau PM (1977) Inequality and heterogeneity: a primitive theory of social structure. Free Press, New York, NY

Bowles S (1973) Understanding unequal economic opportunity. American Economic Review 63:346–356

Brady D (2003) The politics of poverty: left political institutions, the welfare state and poverty. Soc Forces 82:557–588

Brady D (2005) Welfare state and relative poverty in rich western democracies, 1967-1997. Soc Forces 83(4):1329–1364

Brady D (2009) Rich democracies, poor people: how politics explain poverty. Oxford University Press, New York, NY

Burchardt T, Le Grand J, Piachaud D (2002) Degrees of exclusion: developing a dynamic, multidimensional measure. In: Hills J, Le Grand J, Piachaud D (eds) Understanding social exclusion. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp 30–43

Burniaux J-M, Dang T-T, Fore D, Forster M, d’Ercole M, Oxley H (1998) Income distribution and poverty in selected OECD countries. OECD, Economics Department, Working Papers #189

Chen S, Ravallion M (2001) How did the world’s poorest fare in the 1990s? Rev Income Wealth 47(3):283–300

Citro CF, Michael RT (1995) Measuring poverty: a new approach. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

De Haan A, Maxwell S (1998) Poverty and social exclusion in north and south. IDS Bulletin 29(1):1–9

Esping-Andersen G (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Polity Press, Cambridge

Esping-Andersen G (1999) Social foundations of postindustrial economies. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Figueroa A, Altamirano T, Sulmont D (1996) Social exclusion and inequality in Peru, vol 104, Research Series. International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland

Forster M, d’Ercole M (2005) Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries in the second half of the 1990s. OECD Social, Employment, and Migration, Working Papers #22

Foster J, Greer J, Thorbecke E (1984) A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica 2(81):761–766

Foundation E (1995) Public welfare services and social exclusion: the development of consumer oriented initiatives in the European Union. The European Foundation for the Living and Working Conditions, Dublin

Friedman M (1957) A theory of the consumption function. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ

Friedman M (1962) Capitalism and freedom. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Gallbraith JK (1958) The affluent society. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY

Galor O, Moav O (2004) From physical to human capital accumulation: inequality and the process of development. Rev Econ Stud 71(4):1001–1026

Glennerster H (2002) United States poverty studies and poverty measurement: the past twenty-five years. Soc Serv Rev 76(1):83–107

Gore C, Figueiredo JB (eds) (1997) Social exclusion and anti-poverty policy: a debate, vol 110, Research Paper. International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland

Gore C, Figueiredo JB, Rodgers G (1995) Introduction: markets, citizenship and social exclusion. In: Rodgers G, Gore C, Figueiredo JB (eds) Social exclusion: rhetoric, reality, responses. International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 1–42

Gottschalk P, Smeeding T (2000) Empirical evidence on income inequality in industrialized countries. In: Atkinson AB, Bourguignon F (eds) Handbook of income distribution, vol 1. Elsevier, New York, NY, pp 261–307

Hagenaars AJM (1991) The definition and measurement of poverty. In: Osberg L (ed) Economic inequality and poverty: international perspectives. Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe

Hao L, Naiman D (2010) Assessing inequality, vol 166, Quantitative applications in the social sciences series. Sage, Los Angeles, CA

Haveman RH (1987) Poverty policy and poverty research: the great society and social sciences. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI

IILS (1996) Social exclusion and anti-poverty strategies (A synthesis of findings of the research project on the patterns and causes of social exclusion and the design of policies to promote integration). International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland

Immervoll H, Richardson L (2011) Redistribution policy and inequality reduction in OECD countries: what has changed in two decades? IZA Discussion Papers #6030

Jantii M, Danziger S (2000) Income poverty in advanced countries. In: Atkinson AB, Bourguignon F (eds) Handbook of income distribution, vol 1. Elsevier, New York, NY, pp 309–378

Jenkins S (1991) The measurement of income inequality. In: Osberg L (ed) Economic inequality and poverty: international perspectives. M.E. Sharpe, New York, NY, pp 3–38

Kenworthy L (1999) Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national assessment. Soc Forces 77(3):1119–1139

Kenworthy L (2011) Progress for the poor. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

Keynes JM (1931) Economic possibilities for our grandchildren. In: Keynes JM (ed) Essays in Persuasion. McMillan, London, UK, pp 358–374

Korpi W, Palme J (1998) The paradox of redistribution and strategies of inequality: welfare state institutions, inequality, and poverty in the western countries. Am Sociol Rev 63(5):661–687

Krugman P (2009) Conscience of a liberal. W.W. Norton, New York, NY

Lijphart A (1977) Democracy in plural societies. A comparative exploration. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT

Lipset SM (1959) Some social requisites of democracy: economic development and political development. Am Polit Sci Rev 53:69–105

LIS (2013) Income database and documentation. Luxembourg Income Study (http://www.lisdatacenter.org/)

Lister R (2004) Poverty. Polity Press, Malden, MA

Marshall TH (1964) Class, citizenship, and social development. Anchor Books, Garden City, NY

Muller EN (1995) Economic determinants of democracy. Am Sociol Rev 60:966–982

Nolan B, Whelan CT (1996) Resources, deprivation, and poverty. Clarendon Pres, Oxford, UK

Nozick R (1974) Anarchy, state, and Utopia. Basic Books, New York, NY

OECD (2008) Growing unequal: income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France

Okun A (1975) Equality and efficiency: the big tradeoff. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC

Orshansky M (1965) Counting the poor: another look at the poverty profile. In: Ferman L, Kornbluh J, Haber A (eds) Poverty in America: a book of readings. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Harbor, MI, pp 42–81

Palma J (2011) Homogeneous middles vs. heterogeneous tails, and the end of the ‘inverted-U’: it’s all about the share of the rich. Dev Change 42(1):87–153

Palme J (2006) Welfare states and inequality: institutional designs and distributive outcome. Res Soc Strat Mob 24(4):387–403

Persson T, Tabellini G (1994) Is inequality harmful for growth? American Economic Growth 84(3):600–621

Phillips A (1999) Which inequalities matter? Polity Press, Cambridge, UK

Praag V, Bernard MS (1968) Individual welfare functions and consumer behavior. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Przeworski A, Alvarez ME, Cheilbub JA, Limongi F (2000) Democracy and development. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY

Rankin B, Quane J (2000) Neighborhood poverty and the social isolation of inner-city African American families. Soc Forces 79(1):139–164

Ravallion M (2012) Poverty lines across the world. In: Jefferson PN (ed) The Oxford handbook of the economics of poverty. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp 75–104

Ravallion M, Chen S (2011) Weakly relative poverty. Rev Econ Stat 93(4):1251–1261

Ravallion M, Dutt G, van de Walle D (1991) Quantifying absolute poverty in the developing world. Rev Income Wealth 37:345–361

Rawls J (1971) A theory of justice. Bulknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

Romer PM (1994) The origins of endogenous growth. J Econ Perspect 8(1):3–22

Rowntree S (1901) Poverty: A study of town life. Macmillan, London, UK

Rustow DA (1970) Transitions to democracy: toward a dynamic model. Comp Politics 2:337–363

Saunders P, Hallerod B, Matheson G (1994) Making ends meet in Australia and Sweden: a comparative analysis using the subjective poverty line methodology. Acta Sociol 37:3–22

Sen AK (1973) On economic inequality. W.W. Norton, New York, NY

Sen AK (1976) Poverty: an ordinal approach to measurement. Econometrica 44:219–231

Sen AK (1983) Poor, relatively speaking. Oxford Econ Papers 35:153–169

Sen AK (1985a) Commodities and capabilities. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sen AK (1985b) A sociological approach to measurement of poverty: a reply to professor peter Townsend. Oxford Economic Papers 37:669–676

Sen AK (1987a) The standard of living: lecture II, lives and capabilities. In: Hawthorn G (ed) The standard of living (The Tanner Lectures, Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1985). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp 20–38

Sen AK (1987b) The standard of living: lecture I, concepts and critiques. In: Hawthorn G (ed) The standard of living (Tanner Lecturers, Clare Hall, Cambridge, 1985). Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, pp 1–19

Sen AK (1992) Inequality reexamined. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA

Sen AK (1999) Development as freedom. Alfred A. Knoff, New York, NY

Sen AK (2000a) Social justice and distribution of income. In: Atkinson AB, Bourguignon F (eds) Handbook of income distribution, vol 1. Elsevier, New York, NY, pp 59–86

Sen AK (2000b) Social exclusion: concept, application, and security. Social Development Papers #1, Asian Development Bank

Sen AK (2006) Conceptualizing and measuring poverty. In: Grusky D, Kanbur R (eds) Poverty and inequality. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp 30–46

Silver H (1994) Social exclusion and social solidarity: three paradigms. Int Labor Rev 133(5–6):531–578

Silver H (1995) Reconceptualizing social disadvantage: three paradigms of social exclusion. In: Rodgers G, Figueiredo JB (eds) Social exclusion: rhetoric, reality, responses. International Institute for Labour Studies, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 57–80

Singer P (1997) Social exclusion in Brazil. IILS, Discussion Paper #DP/94/1997

Townsend P (1979) Poverty in the United Kingdom. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK

Townsend P (1985) A sociological approach to measurement of poverty—a rejoinder to Professor Amartya Sen. Oxford Economic Papers 37:659–668

Townsend P (1993) The international analysis of poverty. Harvester Hampstead, Hemel Hampstead, UK

UNDP (1990) Human development report 1996. Oxford University Press/United Nations Development Program, New York, NY

UNDP (2010) Human development report 2010. Palgrave and the United Nations Development Program, New York, NY

US DHHS (2012) Indicators of welfare dependence: annual report to Congress. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

Van Oorschot W, Finsveen E (2009) The welfare state and social capital inequality. European Societies 11(2):189–210

Wagle U (2002) Rethinking poverty: definition and measurement. Int Soc Sci J 54(171):155–165

Wagle U (2005) Multidimensional poverty measurement with economic well-being, capability, and social inclusion: a case from Kathmandu, Nepal. J Hum Dev 6(3):301–328

Wagle U (2007) Poverty in Kathmandu: what do subjective and objective economic welfare concepts suggest? J Econ Inequal 5(1):73–95

Wagle U (2008a) Multidimensional poverty: an alternative measurement approach for the United States? Soc Sci Res 37(2):559–80

Wagle U (2008b) Multidimensional poverty measurement: concepts and applications. Springer, New York, NY

Wagle U (2009) Capability deprivation and income poverty in the United States, 1994 and 2004: measurement outcomes and demographic profiles. Soc Indicat Res 94(3):509–533

Wagle U (2012a) The food stamps program and economic security among low income families, part I. Poverty & Public Policy 4(4):223–38

Wagle U (2012b) Economic inequality in high income OECD countries: identifying the roles of population heterogeneity and welfare state policies, Midwest political science association conference. IL, April, Chicago, IL

Wagle U (2012c) Effects of changing population heterogeneity on welfare state policies: high-income OECD countries, 1980-2005. American Sociological Association Conference, Denver, CO

Wagle U (2013a) The food stamps program and economic security among low income families, Part II. Poverty & Public Policy 5(2):162–79

Wagle U (2013b) The counting-based measurement of multidimensional poverty in the United States: the focus on economic resources, inner capabilities, and relational resources. Soc Indicat Res. (Forthcoming)

Wilson WJ (1987) The truly disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public policy. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL

Wilson WJ (1996) When work disappears: the world of the new urban poor. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY

Wolf EN (2009) Poverty and income distribution, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA

World Bank (1990) World development report 1990. Oxford University Press/World Bank, New York, NY

Zajac EE (1995) The political economy of fairness. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

Titel: Poverty and Inequality
verfasst von: Udaya R. Waglé
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Heterogeneity Link of the Welfare State and Redistribution
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02814-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-02815-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02815-6_4

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Premium Partner