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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Pufendorf and His Importance for the Development of Economics as a Science

verfasst von : Arild Sæther

Erschienen in: Samuel Pufendorf and the Emergence of Economics as a Social Science

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Pufendorf’s natural law comprises ethics, jurisprudence, society and political economy. His political economy embraces theories of human behaviour, private property and the four stages, value and money, foundation of states and council decisions and finally division of state powers and principles of taxation. His political economy was dispersed across Europe and North America.

John Locke was the first to extensively use Pufendorf’s political economy when he developed his own economic theories. The French philosophers of the Enlightenment were all in debt to Pufendorf. The magistrate Pierre De Boisguilbert, the legal and political theorist Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, the editor Denis Diderot, the translator Jean Barbeyrac, the great philosopher Charles-Louis Montesquieu, the foremost political thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Physiocratic model builders used Pufendorf’s works lengthily when they wrote and advanced their own ideas about political economy.

Gershom Carmichael introduced natural law to Scotland when he taught at the University of Glasgow in the early eighteenth century. His successor Francis Hutcheson continued his practice and used Pufendorf’s works when he wrote on political economy.

As Hutcheson’s student Adam Smith became familiar with Pufendorf’s ideas of political economy, he used these ideas extensively when he held his lectures on jurisprudence at University of Glasgow and when he wrote The Theory of Moral Sentiment and The Wealth of Nations. Pufendorf’s position in the history of economic thought should therefore be well established.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Pufendorf, Hume and Adam Smith: A Question of Influence

Nächstes Kapitel Pufendorf’s Theory of the Origin of Property Rights and Its Relationship to Locke’s Ideas

DJNG Book I, Ch. I, Section 2, Page 5.

In a chapter John Locke Social Scientist, Vaughn (1980, 108–109) mention that Schumpeter noted Locke’s contributions to the seventeenth-century theory of natural law, ‘and ranked Locke along with Hobbes, Grotius and Pufendorf, among others, as philosophers who despite their Protestantism, were in the Scholastic tradition’.

Karen Vaughn (1980, 141) claims that her first professor Joseph Soudek, in a personal correspondence, contended that: ‘In earlier times, it was taken for granted that the reading public, which was small, was well enough educated to be able to supply the source of non-original ideas. Only the really obscure writers tended to be credited for their ideas.’

The full title was ‘Some of the consequences that are like to follow upon lessening of interest to 4 per cent’.

DJNG IV, iv, 13, 554. ‘An oak-tree belonged to no man, but the acorns that fell to the ground were his who have gathered them’.

The majority of the elected representatives meant the majority of those elected by the property owners.

Thomas Hueglin (2008, 141) in his Classical Debates of the 21st Century, contends that ‘Montesquieu expanded Lock’s separation of legislative and executive power by adding the judiciary as an important third power in its own right, which had to be separate by all means’. Hueglin has no references to Pufendorf.

How Rousseau tackles this problem and a comparison between his views and the views expressed by Pufendorf can be found in Melissa Schwartzberg’s article from 2008 Voting the General Will: Rousseau on Decision Rules.

See also footnote 93, page 93.

A letter dated 22.04.1815.

Philosophic Rurale first appeared in 1763.

The Revolutionary Settlement was a series of acts passed by the English Parliament in the years 1689–71. It limited not only the power of the King but also the authority of the Parliament.

It is also called the Revolution of 1688 where King James II was overthrown and William III and his wife

Mary II became jointly King and Queen of England.

Hutcheson (1730, 10–11): De naturali hominum socialitate oratio in auguralis.

This view has also been noted by Luigi Cossa (1893, 251) An Introduction to the Study of Political

Economy. London. Here taken from Raymond de Roover (1974, 303).

Sæther (2017b, 186)

Hont (1986) mentions, as an example, Governor Pownall (1978), who wrote an open letter with comments to Smith after the publication of The Wealth of Nations. This letter is included in the Danish-Norwegian edition and translation of The Wealth of Nations from 1779–80.

This part was added in edition 6 from 1790. See DD Raphael and AL Macfie (1976) Introduction to Adam Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments. All references are to this edition.

Pufendorf uses ‘internal moderator’ in his Elementorum Jurisprudentae Universalis (2009 [1660. 1672]), BII,

Obs. II, 1, 306) and ‘internal director’ in his De Jure Naturae et Gentium (1934 [1688, 1672] I, iv, 1).

This chapter, Book 1, Ch. II, is almost identical to the ‘Early Draft of part of The Wealth of Nations’ from 1759 in Lectures on Jurisprudence pp. 562–581.

Hont (2005, 162) mentions, as an example, Governor Pownall (1776), who wrote an open letter with comments to Smith after the publication of The Wealth of Nations. In the Danish-Norwegian edition and translation of The Wealth of Nations from 1779–80, this letter is included.

Pufendorf used as an example acorn (DJNG IV, iv, 13, 554). Locke took over this example but extended it to acorns and apples (TT II, 28, 306).

Ronald L. Meek (1976b, 31–35) in his Social Science and the Ignoble Savage claims that the immediate source of Smith’s ‘four stages’ probably was Montesquieu’s Spirit of the Laws book xviii. See also Ian Simpson Ross (2010, 121). This author disagrees with both Meek and Ross, since these stages are more developed in Pufendorf’s De Jure Naturae et Gentium. In addition, Pufendorf was also Montesquieu’s source. Another Scot that built on Pufendorf’s Four-Stage theory was Lord Kames (1696–1782), who had studied law at Edinburgh. In his Historical law tracts from 1774 and in his Sketches of the History of Man he described human history as having four stages.

Pownall (1776, 341ff) in his letter to Adam Smith was the first to criticize his labour theory of value.

In his 1766 lectures, he calls the second principle one of utility (Ibid, 401).

Book III, 6, 241.

DJNG VII, ii, 15, 987.

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Titel: Pufendorf and His Importance for the Development of Economics as a Science
verfasst von: Arild Sæther
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Samuel Pufendorf and the Emergence of Economics as a Social Science
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-49790-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-49791-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49791-0_4