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2019 | Buch | 1. Auflage

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

R2P and the US Intervention in Libya

verfasst von: Paul Tang Abomo

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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This book argues that the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) the Libyan people played an important role in the U.S.’s decision to act, both in terms of how the language of deliberation was framed and the implementation of the actual intervention once all preventive means had been exhausted. While the initial ethos of the intervention followed international norms, the author argues that as the conflict continued to unfold, the Obama administration’s loss of focus and lack of political will for post-conflict resolution, as well as a wider lack of understanding of ever changing politics on the ground, resulted in Libya’s precipitation into chaos. By examining the cases of Rwanda and Darfur alongside the interventions in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan, the book discusses how these cases influenced current decision-making with regards to foreign interventions and offers a triangular framework through which to understand R2P: responsibility to prevent, react and rebuild.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter lays out the contents of the book and describes the author’s main argument: that the “Responsibility to Protect” (R2P) the Libyan people from large-scale massacre was the driving force behind US intervention in the Libyan civil war. It also introduces R2P’s main characters, Samantha Power, Susan Rice, and Hillary Rodham Clinton.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 2. The Responsibility to Protect: The History of a Growing Norm
Abstract
This chapter offers an historical background of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) from its conception to its birth and adoption at the World Summit of 2005 and its reformulation in 2009 as well as the theoretical challenges it poses to the understanding of security today. It further makes an extensive presentation of R2P in its three components: the Responsibility to Prevent, the Responsibility to React, and the Responsibility to Rebuild.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 3. Theory and Methods
Abstract
This chapter deals with the theory and methods used to assess the impact of Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in the decision to intervene. Since R2P is a norm, constructivism offers a better approach that helps us situate the debate within the context of international relations theories. Constructivism argues that material capabilities matter, but the extent to which they matter depends on norms, ideas, beliefs, and shared expectations. These collective meanings set the standard of what is appropriate and acceptable behavior in international politics. R2P and human rights norms have radically transformed the purpose of military intervention. The chapter ends with the methods and sources used to assess the degree to which R2P influenced the US decision to intervene in Libya.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 4. US Foreign Policy in the Context of Humanitarian Intervention
Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the goals of US military intervention in the last quarter of century, Rwanda, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Darfur. It argues that except for Kosovo, where humanitarian goals rank second on the agenda, the US government has taken few steps along to deter mass atrocities. On the contrary, the USA has always been ready to act, even unilaterally, when US core vital interests were at stake. They have not hesitated to use their military might to protect their people, homeland, allies, and core interests. When there has been a clash between National Security objectives and normative goals, the choice is clearly made in favor of national and security interests.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 5. Historical Context of US-Libyan Relations (Prior to 2011)
Abstract
This chapter is designed to provide the historical context of US-Libya relations prior to the civil war of 2011. It presents the various changes in US foreign policy toward Libya from the first contact in the nineteenth century. The purpose of this historical context is to demonstrate that in dealing with Libya strategic goals and national interests have always prevailed. This overview sets the stage for the more empirical chapters and provides a point of reference for determining the degree to which 2011 events veer from the established course of US foreign policy toward Libya.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 6. R2P Norm of “Prevention” in US Foreign Policy Toward the Libyan Civil War
Abstract
This chapter presents the norm of “prevention” in US foreign policy toward the Libyan Civil War. It assesses the impact of R2P in US foreign policy and the degree to which it was evident in the prevention phase. It is an empirical test of the extent to which the USA was involved in preventing or helping de-escalate the tensions between protesters and forces loyal to the Gaddafi regime. The chapter describes the situation on the ground from the beginning of the uprising on February 15, 2011, up until the decision to launch Operation Odyssey Dawn. This includes the political, diplomatic, and military maneuvers of the USA and the international community to prevent the wave of violence unleashed against civilians by Gaddafi’s forces.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 7. R2P Norm of “Reaction” in US Foreign Policy Toward the Libyan Civil War
Abstract
This chapter presents the deliberations that resulted in the decision to intervene when Benghazi was on the verge of being overrun by Gaddafi forces, with a focus on the bureaucratic infighting and the emergence of a “dream team” supportive of US intervention, including Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who was previously opposed. US Ambassador to the UN Susan Rice was tasked with leading the charge and obtaining a robust UN resolution. This chapter also gives a description of US military deployment to enforce Resolution 1973, which authorized member states to take “all necessary measures” to protect civilians, including air strikes against Libyan tanks and heavy artillery and a no-fly zone.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 8. R2P Norm of “Rebuilding” in US Foreign Policy Toward the Libyan Civil War
Abstract
This chapter assesses the R2P norm of “Rebuilding” and US foreign policy in the aftermath of the Libyan civil war. It argues that the civil war left a fractured country as prey to political rivalry and infighting, the emergence of extremism, militias, and weapons proliferation, the absence of basic political institutions, etc—in short, all the ingredients required to create a fractured country. The USA had a golden opportunity to help Libya reshape itself and reinvent a future of democracy and freedom. Unfortunately, the USA did next to nothing and watched from the sidelines as the country descended into extremism, sectarian violence, and chaos.
Paul Tang Abomo
Chapter 9. General Conclusion: R2P After Libya
Abstract
The central question of our puzzle was to understand the change in US foreign policy toward genocide and mass atrocities in Africa, from Rwanda in 1994 to Libya in 2011. Our main hypothesis has been that this change could be explained by the growing norm of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). Since R2P is a norm, we posed that it could be best understood and applied within the theoretical framework of constructivism and its emphasis on the primacy of individual security and human rights over the state-centric paradigm of national and state security. Constructivism further brings together material capabilities, interests, norms, and ideas.
Paul Tang Abomo
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
R2P and the US Intervention in Libya
verfasst von
Paul Tang Abomo
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-78831-9
Print ISBN
978-3-319-78830-2
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78831-9

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