Recent Advances in Power Electronics and Drives

The vehicle's electronic control unit (ECU) to be validated and verified in accordance with client specifications. Adequate prototyping and testing are essential, in order to speed up assembly cycle time, automation in testing replaces manual testing by human operators on an ongoing basis. Before installing the ECU in the vehicles, the hardware-in-loop (HiL) environment is used to test it. The HiL setup for testing ECU to find the driving warning, which is a critical failure, is the main topic of this study. The failure data is recorded in the memory together with the failure's date, time, and cause. The problem in the ECU is further diagnosed using the stored data. The history data storage (HDS) feature in non-volatile memory (NVM) will save various data for each major failure. The HiL makes it possible to test the ECU in real-time conditions in the lab. Additionally, it offers a setting that is similar that of a car. In HiL ECUs communicate with one another using the CAN communication protocol.

This paper presents a single-stage active LED driver circuit with power factor correction, reduced power processing, and constant current output. This paper tries to achieve the advantages of many two-stage driver solutions, which offer power factor correction and constant output current regulation, with a single-stage approach. Input power distribution can be done without extra switches. With a simple ripple cancellation control logic, DC power and AC ripple power can be effectively matched, allowing electrolytic capacitors to be replaced with long-life film capacitors for increased LED driver lifespan. Reduced power processing design ensures that only a part of the input power is processed twice rather than the entire amount as in the case of two-stage driver circuits, thereby reducing the cost and size of the circuit. A single input, two-output power factor correction converter configuration has been discussed in this paper. On PSIM, a 30W simulation model is built and the results are validated.

This study represents a 7-level DC-to-AC converter with an increase in output voltage. The output voltage can be increased through the use of Switched capacitor technologies, such as the series connection of charged capacitors and a DC source. The significant features of the proposed design include the capacitors’ voltage self-balancing and ability to boost the output voltage and reduced voltage stress on the switching components. Without an H-bridge circuit at the back end, the proposed inverter can provide bipolar voltage. A detailed comparison with existing switched capacitor topologies is used to elucidate the benefits of the proposed design. The proposed design's loss analysis has been studied in detail. The effectiveness of this design is 97.32%. The effectiveness of the proposed 7-level design in both steady state and transient conditions is validated by extensive simulation testing using MATLAB/Simulation software.

This paper presents a constant-speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system fed by solar PV. The Speed is almost constant throughout the period. The presented scheme contains a solar panel, boost converter, three-phase inverter, and three-phase PMSM Motor. The control scheme includes Perturb and Observe algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and an improved modified space vector modulation (IMSVM) controller for the three-phase inverter. Perturb and observe algorithm is implemented to extract the most amount of power from PV panels and IMSVM is used to control voltage for the three-phase inverter. The IMSVM has simple usage, has fewer harmonic contents, requires fewer computational calculations, has low switching losses, and most efficient technique. The MPPT algorithm is easy to practice, proficient, and adopted widely in commercial industries. PMSM motor is widely used in EVs water pumping, and other industrial applications. The proposed scheme has been simulated and results have been verified in MATLAB/Simulink environment and analyzed its performance characteristics.

In today’s world, the Automobile industry is shifting rapidly from conventional ICE Vehicles to EVs. As the name suggests, EVs use electric motors instead of gasoline engines. Increase in demand of EV leads to increase in demand of power electronic converters to make electrical circuitry more and more efficient. Efficiency during battery charging can be enhanced by shrinking the losses and ripples in the output voltage of converters. The interleaving concept comes into the picture to reduce the losses along with ripples in output voltage, the reduction in the size of components, and faster response. This paper focuses on working of a four-phase interleaved boost converter for the rapid charging of EV batteries. The simulation of the proposed circuit is executed in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are validated. The result compares a conventional boost converter with an interleaved boost converter. The simulation outcomes highlight how the interleaved boost converter (IBC) boosts the input voltage.

Speed control using a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor typically involves adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the power supplied to the motor. A BLDC motor outperforms a brushed DC motor because it replaces the mechanical commutation unit with an electronic one, which improves dynamic characteristics, increases efficiency, and reduces noise levels slightly. Hall sensors are used to provide feedback to the motor controller. BLDC motors can operate more efficiently and accurately by using Hall sensors to detect the position of the rotor. There are typically three Hall sensors positioned around the stator. The sensors detect the position of the rotor’s magnetic poles as they pass by, and send a signal to the motor controller indicating which coil to energize next. The motor controller then switches the current to the appropriate coil, causing the rotor to continue turning. MATLAB/SIMULINK is used to examine the dynamic properties of BLDC motors, including speed, current, and back EMF.

This article describes the development of a grid-connected, home-based electric vehicle (EV) charger that meets the demands of an EV, household loads, and the grid. The charger is powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays. The charger is built inside a solar panel array so it may operate independently while providing uninterruptible power and charging home loads. Nonetheless, the grid linked mode of operation is possible if there is no or inadequate PV array generation. Synchronization and smooth mode switching management assist the charger, enabling automatic grid connection and disengagement without interfering with household supplies or EV charging. In order to maintain local loads, the charger also offers active/reactive power assistance from V2G and power transfer from V2H. Moreover, the charger is set to operate as an active power filter, keeping the grid current's total harmonic distortion (THD) to less than 5% and maintaining a unity power factor (UPF). An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is utilised to regulate the dc-link voltage as part of an energy management method that is based on dc-link voltage regulation. The sinusoidal reference grid current is supplied by a second-order generalised integrator frequency locked loop with dc offset rejection (SOGI-FLL-DR) for efficient operation under distorted voltage settings.

Begun in 1904, the vactrain concept was first introduced by Robert H. Goddard. This concept has a potential to bring about a revolutionary change in the way we contemplate transportation in our daily lives. In today’s fast paced life style, the time taken to travel on an average by any human being is roughly 228 h in a year and we spend roughly 10% of our total income for the purpose of commuting. The concept of vactrain has been modernized as hyperloop transportation which has made substantial progress in the recent years. This system can be used for both passenger and freight operations which are 5 times faster in speed, relatively economical and environment friendly mode of traversing. With research and development taking place globally, one of the technical demanding issues involves effective suspension, levitation and propulsion. The suspension and levitation system has been evolved by utilizing Electromagnetic suspension, Electro dynamic suspension and Electro dynamic wheel. Likewise, the propulsion system utilizes the use of different configurations of linear induction motors. Motivated by several studies on Hyperloop, we have researched on ‘lightweight Capsule solutions’ (LCS) which employs a hybrid excited EDS along with EDW based on axial flux motors. Axial Flux permanent magnet machines (AFPM) is a capable contender for electric propulsion applications owing to its high-power density, high efficiency and effective volume utilization. It has the highest possible torque to weight ratio in comparison to radial flux permanent machines (RFPM). The most promising AFPM structure (TORUS) that can be employed has been presented in this review.

In the modern technological world, Multilevel Inverters (MLI) are preferred over square wave inverters for medium and higher voltage applications. They offer beneficial merits such as low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), reduced voltage stress, power quality improvement, and high reliability during faults compared to traditional inverters. However, large components, circuit complexity, and high cost make the concept unattractive. So, this paper focuses on simple generalized symmetrical and asymmetrical MLI with less components suitable for renewable energy and electrical drive applications. The switching signals are generated by an efficient nearest voltage level algorithm technique. In our paper, two-module 9-level symmetrical and 21-level asymmetrical MLI are taken to validate the circuit. The novelty has been proved by comparing their performance parameters with other configurations. Further, by cascading the proposed topology in series, the generalized equation for parameters has been developed. The topology has been simulated by MATLAB/Simulink. Then its results are tested under R and RL loads. In the asymmetrical case, THD satisfies the IEEE standard and eliminates the filter requirements.

Power conversion via high-frequency link (HFL) using DC–DC converters is gaining gradual popularity in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the power sector due to their high power density, lightweight, cost-effectiveness, and reliability without conciliatory efficiency. One such promising DC–DC converter that combines bidirectional ability with energy storage and isolation is the dual active bridge (DAB). This paper presents the outcome of various control methodologies on the peak inductor current, primary and secondary side voltage of the HF transformer, and output power of a DAB converter. This converter regulates power flow in both directions by employing phase shift techniques. The traditional control techniques can be categorized as single-phase shift (SPS), dual-phase shift (DPS), and triple-phase shift (TPS). Closed-loop controlling and simulation results for all three control techniques are presented here along with a comparative analysis. It is observed that with an increase in the degree of freedom of control, both peak inductor current and switching stress reduce. As the degree of control increases, so does the overall performance of the DAB converter.

This study clarifies the feasibility of implementing a machine learning (ML)-oriented cascaded inductively coupled distributed static compensator for power quality (PQ) enhancement. The issues involved in declining the power quality (PQ) using a cascaded direct coupled static compensator (CDC-DSTATCOM) were identified as a hazardous disappointment. Hence, to improve the quality, the coupling transformer is served in unification with CDC-DSTATCOM. Also, the recent growth of machine learning (ML) systems and the progression of computational resources, with unpredicted data obtainability, have inspired the researchers. In this study, density-based spatial clustering of application with noise (DBSCAN) is employed by using its own learning mechanism (LM) using MATLAB/Simulink. This controller is composed of six subnets, with six being used for active tuned weight extraction, while only three are allocated to the reactive part. Among them, six subnets are employed for active tuned weight extraction whereas other three subnets are used for reactive part. Moreover, the above-said devices are triggered with the help of generated reference supply current. To illustrate how CDC-DSTATCOM and CIC-DSTATCOM work, we take a close look at a real-world case study. In conclusion, the CIC-DSTATCOM is enhanced in a more healthful way than others in terms of reducing harmonics, improving power factor, balancing loads, regulating potential, etc.

There has been an increase in demand for electric vehicles in recent times, and this demand is expected to continue. However, the most serious flaw with EVs will be the time it takes for a battery to be charged by a charger. Therefore, to mitigate this problem, a DC fast charger (also known as an off-board charger) has been introduced to the automotive industry to remedy this issue. There is going to be a great deal of novelty in this project when a 35 KW DC off-board charger is presented with great functionality. In the following material, one can comprehend what components must be included to guarantee that the charger is relatively less expensive with excellent efficiency. The charger consists of three stages: (a) AC/DC converter (b) DC/DC converter (c) Battery controller. Later in the article, these stages are explained in more detail. A lithium-ion battery with a predetermined SOC and nominal voltage is taken into consideration. One can examine how the SOC and voltage of the battery are raised by looking at a simulink block of the entire closed-loop charger.

Electric and hybrid electric vehicles are becoming more popular today. Typically, batteries serve as the major energy source. Battery management is used to optimize battery use and protection. This battery management system provides cell balancing and guards against overcharging and over-discharging of batteries. For these purposes, a precise state of charge assessment is required. The many techniques used to determine state of charge (SOC) can be categorized as direct measurement techniques, accounting techniques, adaptive techniques, and hybrid techniques. This article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the most prominent state-of-charge estimation methodologies. The review also outlines the critical reaction factors required for calculating the battery SOC precisely. This will help make sure that the SOC assessment is precise. It will help a lot when deciding on the best method for making an EV's energy storage and control strategy secure and reliable.

Penetration of renewable sources into the grid demands new inverter configurations to improve the quality of voltage and current. In such application, multilevel inverters (MLIs) are booming due to their advantages of reduced harmonics and staircase output voltage pattern. Reduced switch and reduced source based topologies have been developed for different applications. However, switched-capacitor (SC) topologies are beneficial in reducing switch count as well as the source count while providing boosted output from a dc source. From 5-level, 7-level too much higher level SC type MLI topologies have been researched in recent years. In this work, 9-level topologies are extensively reviewed as it reduced the harmonics efficiently and on the other hand fewer components can be utilized to produce a required multilevel boosted output. A 9-level SC type MLI can produce two-time gain and four-times gain output efficiently. The 9-level MLIs with two-time gain, i.e., dual-boost SC MLI (SC-DMLI) and the other with four times gain capability, i.e., quadruple-boost SC MLI (SC-QMLI) are reviewed critically in this work. A comparison among these topologies is also illustrated. Simulation results of selected SC-DMLI and SC-QMLI are presented at the end for verification.

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) have achieved great success in the lighting industry due to their superior qualities when compared to conventional lighting solutions. These qualities include a long lifespan, minimal maintenance needs, environmental friendliness, high luminous efficiency, controllability of both light and color, reliability, and high-power density. In the lighting business, LED driver design is crucial. They protect the LED from changes in power and voltage. In this study, various LED drivers are compared using a DC/DC Cuk converter that can operate in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). A new novel flicker free PV based interleaved non-inverting DC–DC cuk LED driver is proposed in this research work. There is a brief evaluation and comparison of the performance parameters of integrated cuk-sepic converter, non-inverting cuk converter (NICC), conventional cuk converter, and interleaved non-inverting cuk converter. For the proposed LED driver, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method is implemented to reduce the ripple value by optimizing the specific values of capacitor, inductance, and switching frequency. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software is utilized to simulate the circuit configuration for the recommended topology, and the outcomes are validated.

High-gain DC–DC converters are the most trending power converters for Photovoltaic (PV) applications. The output voltage of the photovoltaic panel is very low. The conventional boost converter is limited to gain 4. The high-gain DC–DC converter will provide a large range of gain so that we can easily step the voltage to higher voltage. The newly proposed quadratic interleaved quadratic converter will provide a gain of nearly 42 gain. This high-gain converter is suitable for high-voltage and less current applications. The efficiency of this converter is 90%.

An amazing alternative to traditional internal combustion engine-based automobiles is electric mobility. The main barrier to the growth of electric mobility is the lack of grid-friendly charging stations and the restricted availability of charging infrastructure. The essential component for recharging the onboard batteries and powering the vehicle is the charging infrastructure. The majority of traditional Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers consume distorted line current and have poor power factors, which strains the environment at the end of the power distribution chain. The nonlinear loads call for an improvement in the grid's power quality. A survey on different SEPIC-based PFC converter topologies both with continuous and discontinuous modes are carried out and based on their demerits a modified SEPIC AC-DC PFC converter with reduced output current ripple and enhanced efficiency is proposed for electric vehicle charging application. In this paper, a detailed explanation of its design and simulation framework is presented. Various functional parameters such as supply current THD, supply PF, supply DF, semiconductor stress, efficiency, and output ripple of the suggested converter are computed and compared based on their simulation study.

In the reported work, the two-stage grid-tied solar PV with non-linear load is presented, with various conditions at the point of common coupling (PCC) voltage. The non-linear load at PCC absorbs the active power and injects the reactive power which may lead to higher THD in grid current. The various PCC voltage profiles like normal voltage and distorted voltage due to harmonics are analyzed and the system is simulated for, 20% SAG and 20% SWELL at PCC to test the robustness and effectiveness of the control for presented VSC control. The improved vµ least mean square (IvµLMS) method is presented for grid-tied VSC control to provide good convergence, less burden, and improved dynamic responses under various conditions at PCC. According to the IEEE-519 standard, the PV power is fed at unity power factor (UPF) with lower total harmonic distortion (THD) for the grid and load. On the DC-side a recent DC–DC boost converter topology with higher voltage gain is used, this makes the smaller PV arrays and able to convert grid-tied system. The perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm is applied to obtain the maximum power point (MPP) operation for solar PV arrays. The grid-tied PV system and its controls are modeled in MATLAB/Simulink environment and analyzed. The grid current is maintained at lower THDs as per IEEE519 and at unity power factor with different working conditions, which verifies the efficacy of the presented method.

The main intention of this paper is to compare conventional predictive torque control with the predictive torque control of stator open-ended winding five-phase induction motor drives (PTC-C and PTC-OEWFPIM) to be distinct in terms of the switching frequency reduction, torque and flux ripple, voltage stress, and common mode voltage minimization. In the proposed control technique, the dual two-level voltage source inverters enhance the output voltage levels from two to three. Both the inverters are connected on a common DC bus link, which allows undesired circulating common mode currents through the DC bus link, resulting in the rise of common mode voltage (CMV) would be mitigated with the proposed control technique. PTC-C and PTC-OEWFPIM controlled schemes are compared at a five-phase voltage space vector structure utilizing large voltage vectors only of individual inverters. The proposed PTC-OEWFPIM scheme was verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and compared with conventional PTC-C.

Grid-integrated electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is becoming increasingly important as EV adoption continues to grow. The integration of EV charging infrastructure with the electric power grid presents several challenges, including interoperability, safety, grid stability, and efficiency. This paper provides the current state of the art in grid-integrated EV charging infrastructure. The paper begins by discussing the benefits of grid-integrated EV charging, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved grid flexibility and provides an overview of the various types of EV charging infrastructure, including Level 1, Level 2, and DC fast charging. The paper also discusses the various communication protocols used in EV charging infrastructure, such as OCPP, CCS, and CHAdeMO. The paper discusses the existing standards and regulations for EV charging infrastructure, including IEEE 1547, IEC 61851, and ISO/IEC 15118. The paper work concludes by discussing the future of grid-integrated EV charging infrastructure, including the integration of renewable energy sources. Overall, this paper provides the current state of grid-integrated EV charging infrastructure/EV charging stations.

Cell balancing is an essential feature of battery management systems as the battery packs are affected by various factors, and imbalance is one of the major ones. Without balance, the cell's performance will drift apart, and much energy will be wasted in the battery pack when they are frequently operated in recycling conditions. Different methodologies for cell balancing have been proposed so far, which must be adequately applied considering the application of the battery pack. This paper presents a modified simple inductor-based active cell balancing technique in Electric Vehicles. The cell equalization topology has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The performance is evaluated using the quantification of energy exchange. The results show that the proposed approach transfers energy in less time, with lower losses. Also, the design complexity is less.

Maintaining desired output voltage level is a critical feature required for a boost converter. The controller’s response is critical to analyze a converter’s performance and ability. This paper analyzes closed-loop control of the boost converter with PI and Fuzzy Logic Controllers using MATLAB Simulink and dSPACE 1104 platforms in a Hardware in-loop environment. To make it a test bench, hardware is developed using Proteus software, where the inductor, capacitor, and load (battery) terminals are available. The switching frequency used is 20 kHz. Tuning of the controller parameters is carefully carried out to achieve the best performance possible. The response obtained for a step change in the input is studied with an individual controller in action. The error between actual and desired output voltages is observed during the transient and steady-state conditions. It is found that the Fuzzy logic controller delivers the fastest response among them.

The classical hysteresis-based direct torque control (DTC) in five-phase electrical drives is a simple and effective control scheme that exhibits superior dynamics and less parameter dependency. It is necessary to eliminate harmonic (xy) plane components while implementing any control scheme of five-phase induction motors. In literature, most of the proposed lookup table-based DTC techniques of five-phase induction motor focus on the reduction of torque ripple and flux ripple and elimination/reduction harmonic plane currents and not focus on common mode voltage (CMV) reduction. The proposed lookup table-based DTC uses only small and large voltage vectors of the 2-level 5-leg inverter, which provides the lowest CMV along with torque and flux ripple reduction. A modified lookup table-based DTC is implemented to control the five-phase induction motor which eliminates harmonic plane currents and minimizes the CMV along with the torque and flux ripple reduction. The effectiveness of the proposed DTC technique is verified by simulating the model in the MATLAB/Simulink software.

For three phase two level inverters, a comparison between Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) and Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) is done. Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) are the most often used PWM techniques for three phase voltage source inverters. To run the motor at its rated speed, we are specifically using the SPWM and SVPWM techniques to enhance motor speed and improve performance. The excellent efficiency and minimal torque ripple of this vector control approach, together with improved system performance, make it suited for use in high performance motors. It has been found that switching occurs only once in SVPWM when moving from one state to another in a switching sequence, which results in lower switching loss. In contrast, multiple switching occurs in SPWM when moving from one state to another, which increases switching loss and lowers efficiency. SVPWM produces reduced Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), offers improved output quality, and more effectively utilizes DC bus voltage. The MATLAB/SIMULINK program is utilized to carry out the system analysis. In light of all the information we had gathered, we consequently came to the conclusion that the Space Vector PWM technique provides better comprehensive performance and efficiency when compared with the Sine PWM technique. However, due to the advantages of the SVPWM technique, it can be applied to solar-powered water pumping systems to increase their water pumping effectiveness.