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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards

verfasst von : Seyoum Yohannes Tesfay

Erschienen in: International Commercial Arbitration

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Ethiopia ratified Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, recently, subject to declarations and reservation. It declared that it will apply the Convention to awards that are considered ‘commercial’ under Ethiopia’s national laws. It also declared that it will apply the Convention only to awards that are made in states party to the Convention, thus, excluding awards that are made in a number of countries including three of Ethiopia’s own neighbors. Besides, it crafted its own reservation that makes a temporal restriction to the applicability of the Convention. In consequence, the Convention does not fully supplant the law that applied to the recognition and enforcement of foreign awards prior to Ethiopia’s accession to the Convention. Hence, two parallel legal regimes are in force.

The New York Convention applies to the recognition and enforcement of awards that have not been excluded by the declarations and reservation made by the country while the Civil Procedure Code rules apply to non-convention awards. The rules in the latter are very restrictive. It is, therefore, hardy possible to secure the recognition and enforcement of foreign awards that have been excluded from the scope of the application of the Convention.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Judicial Review of Arbitral Awards

Nächstes Kapitel The Institutional Setting for International Commercial Arbitration

Balthasar (2016), p. 50.

Id., p. 51.

Id.

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article II(1) & (3).

Balthasar (2016), p. 50.

UN Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, Ratification Status, available at: http://www.newyorkconvention.org/countries, last visited on 23 September 2020.

The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Ratification Proclamation No. 1184/2020, Articles 2 and 3, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 26th Year No. 21 (2020).

Id. Article 2(1).

UN Convention Ratification status, supra no. 8.

The Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Ratification Proclamation No. 1184/2020, Federal Negarit Gazeta 26th year, No. 21, Article 2(2).

Commercial Code of the Empire of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 166/1960, Article 5, Negarit Gazeta, 3rd Year No. 3 (1960).

Id., Art. 10.

For instance, providing communication services using satellite and internet, providing health care service, providing organized educational service, operating security services and the like have not been included in the exhaustive list under Article 5.

The Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Proclamation No. 1184/2020, Article 3.

The New York Arbitration Convention ratification status, supra note 8.

Id.

UN Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958), Article XII(2).

Greenberg et al. (2011), p. 427.

Id.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Articles 456–461.

Rawda Mumie v. Abdella Abdulrahman, CASSATION BENCH OF THE FEDERAL SUPREME COURT, Case No. 54632, Decision Rendered on 7 June 2011, Reported in Cassation Bench Decisions Vol. 12.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(2) provides ‘[t]he provisions of the proceeding Articles shall apply by analogy when the enforcement of a foreign award is sought.’

The liquidation of pecuniary effect of the marriage was being considered by the Federal First Instance Court in File No. 64296 in when Ms Rawda Mumie introduced the decision of the Canadian court, rendered on 1 July 2006. In consequence, the case was transferred to the High Court because the First Instance Court had no jurisdiction to entertain matters involving a foreign judgment.

Abdella Abdulrhaman v. Rawda Mumie, Federal High Court of Ethiopia, Case No. 71195.

Id.

Rawda Mumie v. Abdella Abdulrahman, Federal Supreme Court of Ethiopia, Case No. 51738.

Rawda Mumie v. Abdella Abdulrahman, decision by the Cassation Bench of the Federal Supreme Court in Case No. 54632.

Id.

Alemnesh Abebe v. Tesfaye Gessese, The Cassation Bench of the Federal Supreme Court, Case No. 59953, Decision Rendered on 10 June 2011, Reported in Cassation Court Decisions Vol. 12.

Id.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461.

Id., Article 461(1)a.

Id., Article 458(a).

Tecle (2011), p. 123.

Samuel (2000), p. 569.

Id., p. 570.

Id.

Id., p. 571.

Id., p. 570.

Id.

Tecle (2011), p. 123.

Id., p. 124.

Id.

Id., pp. 124–125.

Id., p. 125.

Id.

Zeynalova (2013), p. 156.

Id., p. 157.

Tecle (2011), p. 125.

Yusra Abdulmuein, Hussein Abdulmuein and Ahmed Abdulmuein v. Abdulkeni Abdulmuein, Federal Supreme Court, Cassation File No. 78206.

Michaels (2009), p. 2.

Samuel (2000), p. 571.

Coyle (2014), p. 1121.

Id. Some of the negative impacts of use of expert testimony in the determination of foreign state practice include, exposing the claimant to additional costs and possibility of inconsistent outcomes because the experts used could give opposing testimony.

Id., p. 1122.

Telephone interview with Mr. Reta Alemu, Director, Legal Affairs Directorate, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia. The interview was conducted on 25 June 2013.

Tecle (2011), p. 122.

Elbalti n.d..

Another point that perhaps goes without saying is that the cross reference Article 461(2) of the Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia makes to the provisions dealing with reciprocity in relation to foreign judgments should not be taken literally. In other words, in gauging foreign practice, for the purpose of enforcement of foreign awards in Ethiopia, we look at whether that country enforces or would enforce Ethiopian awards, rather than Ethiopian judgments.

Interview with Ato Yusuf Jemaw, Director, Directorate for International Cooperation, Human Rights and Anti-Trafficking in Humans, Office of the Attorney General. Interview was conducted at his office on 14 November 2017. See also, Tecle (2011), p. 123.

Treaty Between the Peoples’ Republic of China and the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia on Judicial Assistance in Civil and Commercial Matters, signed on 04 May 2014, Article 28.

Id., Article 21.

Interview with Ato Yusuf Jemaw, Attorney General’s Office, Head of the Department for International Cooperation. Ato Yusuf noted that many people including judges have cited the treaty with Djibouti thinking it has been ratified by Djibouti as well. Article authors cite that treaty, see for example, Tecle (2011), p. 123.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(1)b–f.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(1)(d).

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(1)(d).

Kronke et al. (2010), p. 282.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(1)(c). We have a similar rule in the Civil Code. Article 3335 provides the Arbitral submission ‘shall not be valid where it places one of the parties in a privileged position as regards the appointment of the arbitrator.’

Zekarias (2007), p. 140.

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(1)(b).

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(2) reads: ‘[t]he provisions of the preceding Articles shall apply by analogy when the enforcement of a foreign award is sought.’

Id.,Article 461(1)(e).

Kessedjian (2007), p. 26.

Id.

Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 1/1995, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 1st Year, No. 1, Article 5(2).

Schramm et al. (2020), p. 365.

Id.

Civil Procedure of Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(1)(e).

We have dealt with arbitrability under Ethiopian law under Chap. 4. We saw that according to 315(2) of the Civil Procedure Code, provides administrative contracts are not arbitrable. Other than that there is no explicit rule dealing with arbitrability. We further saw other areas like bankruptcy law, competition law and consumer protection law may pose issues of arbitrability despite the silence of the law.

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Convention, Article V(2)(a).

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article V(2)(e).

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(2)(a) provides recognition and enforcement may be refused were the subject matter of the difference is non-arbitrable, while Article V(2)(b) allows refusal to recognize and enforce foreign awards where that would be contrary to ‘public policy’ of the country in which these are sought.

Civil Procedure Code of Ethiopia Decree No. 52/1965, Article 461(1)(f).

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958 York Convention, Article V.

Tecle (2011), pp. 120–121.

Civil Code of Ethiopia, Proclamation No. 165/1960, Article 2091.

Id., Article 2098–2104, for example.

Id., Article 1799.

Id., Article 1801.

Id., Article 1889 cum 1892(1).

100

Tecle (2011), p. 121. According to Tecle that Ethiopian law ‘does not recognize’ punitive damage is sufficient reason to not enforce foreign awards that provide for it. Our submission is the silence of the law does not amount to not recognizing a remedy.

101

Civil Code of Ethiopia Proclamation No. 165/1960, Article 1776.

102

David (1973), p. 59.

103

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(1)(e).

104

We have discussed this in Chap. 6 at length, and specially under Sect. 6.2.

105

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(1).

106

The chapeau of Article 458 reads, ‘[p]ermission to execute a foreign judgment shall not be granted unless’ and then the specific grounds that must be met are listed down. Court practice as seen previously is to require the party seeking enforcement to prove the fulfilment of the requirements listed, reciprocity, for example.

107

Yusra Abdulmuein, et al v. Abdulkeni Abdulmuein, Federal Supreme Court, Cassation File No. 78206.

108

The Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Ratification Proclamation No. 1184/2020, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 26th Year, No. 21, Article 2.

109

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article I(3).

110

The Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Ratification Proclamation No. 1184/2020, Federal Negarit Gazeta, 26th Year, No. 21, Article 3.

111

www.newyorkconvention.org/countries. The Ratification Proclamation was passed on the 13th of March 2020.

112

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article III.

113

Id., Article I(1) and Article III read together.

114

UN Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards of 1958, Article V(1).

115

Id., Article V(2) (a) and (b).

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Elbalti B (n.d.) Reciprocity and the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments, p 3. http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/repodocuments/pdf/events/PILConf/Reciprocity_and_the_Recognition_and_Enforcement_of_Foreign_Judgments_pdf. Last visited on 20 Nov 2016

Greenberg S et al (2011) International Commercial Arbitration: an Asia Pacific perspective. Cambridge University Press

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Zekarias K (2007) Formation of arbitral tribunals and disqualification and removal of arbitrators under Ethiopian Law. J Ethiopian Law 21

Zeynalova Y (2013) The law on recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments: is it broken and how do we fix it? Berkeley J Int Law 31(1):150

Titel: Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards
verfasst von: Seyoum Yohannes Tesfay
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: International Commercial Arbitration
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-66751-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-66752-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66752-8_7