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Erschienen in:
Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. Results: After Graduation

verfasst von : Sascha Krannich, Uwe Hunger

Erschienen in: Student Migration and Development

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Abstract

It is exciting to see what paths the (former) scholarship holders took after they finished their studies. Did they return to their country of origin after completing their studies in Germany or did they stay in Germany or migrate to another country? The field research in the five countries under investigation revealed a variety of answers to this question. Yet, it has become clear that (former) international students contribute to development in their countries of origin in many different ways and in various (migration) forms. In accordance with the design of our study, in Palestine this can be seen in particular in the health system, in Indonesia in the technology and economic system, in Ghana in the environmental and agricultural sector, in Georgia in the legal system, and in Colombia in the political system, especially with regards to the ongoing peace and democracy process. It also became clear that this was not a one-sided transfer from North to South, but rather a circular exchange of ideas, know-how and goods, initiated and implemented by the commitment of the alumni, who, this should be noted in advance, both returned to their country of origin and remained in Germany. In the first parts of this section, we want to draw a more detailed picture of the different forms of engagement in the five case study countries and show what impact the migration of international students had on the different sectors of society in their countries of origin. The final section will then deal with overarching findings that apply to all case study countries. Here, the focus will be on contributions to the academic system, but also on problems of reintegration and, finally, on students’ and alumni’s views on the topic of ‘development‘itself.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Results: During the Studies
Nächstes Kapitel Discussion and Conclusion
Fußnoten
1
These include above all the UN relief agencies, governmental funding agencies such as USAid and private foundations, as well as Christian relief agencies and other NGOs.
 
2
Almost all of our interview partners who were not sponsored by KAAD and who had already studied before 1990 did study Soviet Union, Romania or Jordan. They were able to study there mostly free of charge because the Soviet Union supported Palestine during the Cold War. In contrast, Israel was predominantly supported by the Western states (Khouri 1985).
 
3
Because of their close relation to historical and religious sites, many Christian organizations donate a lot of money to hospitals and social service agencies there.
 
4
Palestinian students and researchers have been supported by KAAD since its foundation in 1958. In total, there are probably over 400 Palestinian scholarship holders (interview with a KAAD representative, Bonn, 2016).
 
5
The alumna studied medicine at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in the 1990s and completed her doctorate there on “New therapeutic approaches in the treatment of premature infants” and was then trained as a specialist at the University of Würzburg with the support of a KAAD scholarship. After returning to Bethlehem she worked for a few years as a specialist at the Caritas Baby Hospital and then went back to Germany in 2003 (also on a KAAD scholarship) for a training in intensive care medicine and ultrasound diagnostics (KAAD 2008: 86).
 
6
Back then, there were major problems with the Israeli customs officials, who wanted to confiscate some of the devices. With a little negotiating skill, however, she managed to bring most of the devices to Ramallah (interview with a Palestinian alumna in Ramallah, Palestine, 2016).
 
7
This is a non-profit association with its headquarters in Regensburg, Germany. It provides aid to needy people in Palestine, for example by paying school fees and reimbursing the costs of doctors and medicines. Furthermore, the association specifically supports Christians in the Bethlehem region, as they are in a minority position and in need of international support (Interview with Elias Awad, Bethlehem, 22 November 2016). The association is mainly financed by donations in Germany (cf. Christians Helping Christians 2017).
 
8
The NGO Al Tufula Nazareth Institute was founded in 1984 by Palestinian women in Israel. The NGO focuses on education and health and the empowerment of socially disadvantaged women and children in Israel and Palestine (cf. Al Tufula Nazareth Institute 2016).
 
9
On Javanese harmony ethics, see Magnis-Suseno (2015).
 
10
The exact title of his thesis was “The unfinished business of decentralisation: political accountability of local government in Ghana”.
 
12
Exact title of the doctoral thesis: “Marketing and Market Queens – A Study of Tomatoe Female Farmers in the Upper East Region of Ghana”.
 
13
The research project is funded by the Volkswagen Foundation and conducted in cooperation with ZEF in Bonn.
 
14
Since 1994, a total of over 900 Ghanaian returning professionals have been supported. In 2018 alone, 70 Ghanaians are in the programme.
 
15
For example, one KAAD alumnus has received CIM funding twice, once after returning to Germany after completing his master’s degree and once after completing his Ph.D. degree. Returnees with a master’s degree receive 300 to 600 euros in CIM funding per month and returnees with a doctoral degree receive 700–900 euros as additional funding on top of their monthly salary. The amount of support depends on monthly earnings. The lower the monthly income, the higher the CIM grant. The basic prerequisite is a job in Ghana before you return. Other criteria for CIM to award a grant are that the job is relevant to development and that the grant is awarded in consultation with the Ghanaian government. In addition, support is provided for returnees who have just set up their own business.
 
16
Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences of the University of Bonn and the United Nations University in Bonn.
 
17
The second-hand clothes are mostly from the USA or Europe.
 
18
To date, however, the tech sector in Ghana is still underdeveloped and accounts for only a fraction of Ghana’s economic output, and the industrial sector only about one-third of the volume of the economy (BMZ 2018).
 
19
Bernhard Welte was Professor of Christian Philosophy of Religion at the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg from 1952 to 1973 and a promoter of academic international exchange, especially with universities in Latin America (Eckholt 2011: 16).
 
20
The Gini coefficient is about 54, which indicates an extreme unequal distribution of wealth. The gross domestic product per capita in 2017 was about 7600 US dollar (in PPP). This ranked Colombia 87th in the world (see International Monetary Fund 2018). The Human Development Index was also relatively low in 2016 at 0.747 (rank 90 in the world) (UNDP 2018).
 
21
In her doctoral thesis she dealt with the topic “Influence of State Goal Provisions on Legal Interpretation”. The question was how a judge can best interpret the state objective provisions in the German constitution. The topic was purely related to Germany. She wanted to make a comparison with Colombia, but the reviewer disagreed. The reviewer was not interested in Latin America, which annoyed her tremendously.
 
25
In 1918, the German Reich was the first country in the world to recognize Georgia’s first constitution and thus Georgia’s independence, also for geopolitical reasons in the Caucasus region (Zürrer 1978).
 
26
Accordingly, important competences now lie in the hands of the parliament, such as sovereignty over the state budget or the military, which was previously reserved for the president.
 
27
It remains to be seen whether this development of the parliamentary system is complete or in which direction it will develop in the future.
 
28
As in the other countries, there is also the CIM Programme in Georgia, which is intended to facilitate the reintegration of returnees from Germany in Georgia, primarily through informal and financial support in the search for employment.
 
29
The Georgian Diaspora Ministry was established specifically for Georgians living abroad. It is also runs the programme “Young Ambassadors of Georgia” abroad. The status of “Young Ambassador” goes back to an idea of an alumnus during his activities in the AStA of the University of Saarbrücken. He wanted Georgian students to have a “direct line” to the Georgian state and at the same time being official representatives of the Georgian state abroad. When he started working for the Georgian government, he put this idea into practice and built a network among Georgian students abroad. Georgian students can participate in the election of a “Young Ambassador” in seven countries, who represents the interests of Georgian students towards the Georgian state as well as the Georgian state abroad (interview with a Georgian KAS alumnus in Tbilisi, Georgia, 2016).
 
30
The IEC (International Education Center) scholarship programme was launched by the Georgian state in 2014 in order to boost the international mobility of Georgian students, especially in the EU and North America, and thus contribute to a better international education for future civil servants. In 2015, over 500 students applied and 80 were accepted. The main target countries for the scholarship holders are Germany and France, in addition to the USA and the UK. The programme is mainly funded by the Georgian state and also by the Bank of Georgia and several international donors. Foreign students in Georgia are not supported (interview with a Georgian KAS alumnus in Tbilisi, Georgia, 2016).
 
31
Within the framework of the IEC funding programme, scholarship holders must commit themselves to return to Georgia after their studies abroad and to take a position in a state institution or a civil society organisation in Georgia for at least two years. The return rate is almost 100% and most of them work in the civil service. In this sense, the IEC acts as a kind of state elite recruitment to attract internationally trained leaders for the development of Georgia.
 
32
The publication of his doctoral thesis was published by a Georgian publishing house in Tbilisi with financial support of KAAD (cf. Khizanishvili 2016).
 
33
Georgia is a traditional wine country, producing more than 500 different types of wine for over 4000 years. Viticulture plays a major role in the Georgian economy, accounting for almost ten percent of Georgia’s GDP, and is also increasingly important for Georgian exports (NZZ 2019).
 
34
Both are considered to be the theoretical founders of the social market economy in Germany.
 
35
The objectives of the social market economy are also laid down in the Lisbon Treaty. Article 3 states that the European Union aims to achieve a “competitive social market economy” with full employment and social progress (Lisbon Treaty 2007).
 
Literatur
Eckholt, M. (2011): Das Stipendienwerk Lateinamerika-Deutschland. Weltkirchlich-wissenschaftliche Stipendienarbeit und ihr Dienst an der universitären Kultur, in: Eckholt, M. (ed.): Prophetie und Aggiornamento: Volk Gottes auf dem Weg. Eine internationale Festgabe für die Bischöfliche Aktion Adveniat, Berlin, 13–29.
Khizanishvili, Vasil (2016): Ethical Economics, Tiblisi.
Khouri, F. (1985): The Arab-Israeli Dilemma, Syracuse.
König, H. J. (2008): Kleine Geschichte Kolumbiens, München.
Magnis-Suseno, F. (2015): Garuda im Aufwind: das moderne Indonesien, Berlin.
Palestinian Health Ministry (2004): Health, Health Care, and Distribution. Palestine Annual Report, HMIS, Ramallah.
Zürrer, Werner (1978): Kaukasien 1918–1921. Der Kampf der Großmächte um die Landbrücke zwischen Schwarzem und Kaspischem Meer, Düsseldorf.
Metadaten
Titel
Results: After Graduation
verfasst von
Sascha Krannich
Uwe Hunger
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Buch
Student Migration and Development

Print ISBN: 978-3-658-43124-2

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-658-43125-9

Copyright-Jahr: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-43125-9_5

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