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2023 | Buch

Introduction to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

RF Antenna Beam Forming

Focusing and Steering in Near and Far Field

verfasst von: Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book is designed for both the scientific audience, research and development engineers and the university students. The fundamentals of radio frequency antenna beam forming is explained in this book. The principles of beam focusing and beam steering in near field and far field are visualized with 2D and 3D simulations and compared with measurement results. Besides linear and planar antenna arrays, also conformal arrays, i.e. concave and convex antenna arrays, suitable for certain applications, are investigated and presented. Also related applications of radio frequency beam forming like open loop and closed loop large scale antenna arrays or massive MIMO, which is one of the break-through technologies for 5G and future 6G and involves an extremely large number of antenna elements for the multi-user beam forming, as well as thinned antenna arrays with electrically large distances between the antenna elements are discussed.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
Abstract
Maxwell’s equations are the governing equations to analyze all electromagnetic wave propagation problems, from RF radio waves used in cellular mobile communications 1–2 GHz, mm waves (frequency range of 30–100 GHz) up to optical wave propagation in the frequency range of 200 THz (see also [1‐5]). Depending on the applications, different carrier frequencies are used from 1 GHz to mm-waves or even to the optical spectrum. These frequencies have different abbreviations, standardized by different organizations like IEEE, ITU, EU and NATO, and are listed in the appendix A.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 2. Basic Antenna Elements
Abstract
Antenna problems, free space radio frequency and optical wave propagation, multipath propagation or scattering problems can be analyzed by using Maxwell’s equations described in the last chapter.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 3. Linear Antenna Array
Abstract
This chapter starts with an introduction into phased array antennas, discusses required phase shifters and then presents simulation and measurement results of one-dimensional, linear antenna array characteristics. The measurement results are compared with simulation results. The simulation and measurement scenario consists of a linear \(1 \times 8\) patch antenna array as transmitter and an identical, but single patch antenna as receiver.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 4. Planar Antenna Arrays
Abstract
Near field focusing of 2-dimensional planar antenna arrays is analyzed by using efficient analytical methods, which were validated by comparing the simulation results with the measurement results of one-dimensional linear patch antenna array in the last chapter, instead of time consuming numerical methods. This is especially important for the design and optimization process for dynamic beam forming and other near field applications.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 5. Conformal Antenna Array
Abstract
The near field characteristics of conformal antenna arrays are analyzed by using a very efficient analytical method, instead of time consuming numerical methods. This is especially important for the design and optimization process for dynamic beam forming in many near field applications.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 6. MIMO Antenna Systems
Abstract
In the previous chapters, linear phased arrays, planar phased arrays and conformal phased arrays were investigated, by applying certain amplitude weights and phase shifts between the antenna elements, in order to form the beam and focus the beam to a certain receiver. Many researchers have investigated intensively within the last decades to find different sophisticated methods and algorithms to optimize the SINR (Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio) and the channel capacities, by using MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output) antenna arrays, used in many wireless and mobile communication systems like LTE, 5G and future 6G [1, 2].
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 7. Thinned Antenna Array
Abstract
In previous chapters we investigated linear antenna arrays, planar antenna arrays, and conformal antenna arrays with different amplitude weights and phase shifts, but always with the same distances between the neighbouring antenna elements with d = \(\lambda \)/2. Different amplitude weights and phase shifts were chosen, in order to form and steer the beams on one hand, and on the other hand to suppress the side-lobes.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 8. Applications of Phased Arrays
Abstract
Antenna arrays can be widely used for various applications, like space communications, radio broadcasting, radar techniques and mobile communications.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Chapter 9. Conclusions
Abstract
After an introduction into general antenna theory, based on Maxwell’s equations and the vector algebra, general properties of antennas were derived. Then various different antenna elements were described. Next phased array antennas were introduced. After these basic explanations the focus was on simulation of radiation characteristics and their verification by measurements of a linear array of patch antennas.
Shun-Ping Chen, Heinz Schmiedel
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
RF Antenna Beam Forming
verfasst von
Shun-Ping Chen
Heinz Schmiedel
Copyright-Jahr
2023
Electronic ISBN
978-3-031-21765-4
Print ISBN
978-3-031-21764-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21765-4

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