14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Emerging Science of Behaviour Change and the Behaviour Change Wheel
14.3 Behaviour Change Versus Behavioural Safety Approaches
14.4 Specifying Outcomes and Their Behavioural Determinants
14.5 Behaviour Change, Safety-I and Safety-II
14.6 Specifying What Needs to Change—Behavioural Diagnosis
14.6.1 Capability
14.6.2 Opportunity
14.6.3 Motivation
14.6.4 Pulling Together the Behavioural Diagnosis
14.7 Intervention Design Using Intervention Functions
Intervention function | Definition | Example of intervention function |
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Education | Increasing knowledge or understanding | Providing information on risks associated with non-compliance with machine operating instructions |
Persuasion | Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action | Using images or stories drawn from real life accidents to induce the desire for compliance |
Incentivisation | Creating an expectation of reward | Scheme to acquire benefits in return for compliance with behaviours related to safety |
Coercion | Creating an expectation of punishment or cost | Loss of in-work benefits if found to be violating safety principles |
Training | Imparting skills | Dynamic risk assessment skills |
Restriction | Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behaviour (or to increase the target behaviour by reducing the opportunity to engage in competing behaviours) | Prohibiting entry to certain areas of the plant. |
Environmental restructuring | Changing the physical or social context | Changing work teams to provide social influences |
Modelling | Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate | Using shopfloor, peer coaches as part of manual handling training |
Enablement | Increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability (beyond education and training) or opportunity (beyond environmental restructuring) | Behavioural support for smoking cessation, medication for cognitive deficits, surgery to reduce obesity, prostheses to promote physical activity |
14.8 Using Policy to Change Behaviour
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‘communication/marketing’ (using print, electronic, telephonic or broadcast media);
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‘guidelines’ (creating documents that recommend or mandate practice);
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‘fiscal’ (using the tax system to reduce or increase the financial cost);
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‘regulation’ (establishing rules or principles or behaviour and practice);
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‘legislation’ (making or changing laws);
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‘environmental/social planning’ (designing and/or controlling the social environment);
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and ‘service provision’ (delivering a service).
14.9 Using Behaviour Change Techniques Within Intervention Design
14.10 Potential Applications of the BCW Methodology for Industrial Safety
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Using the BCW to design and develop curricula to embed safety considerations into the induction and training programmes for workforce development. For example, the COM-B model could be used to audit or develop training programmes to ensure that workers are equipped with the three necessary conditions for working safely; having the skills to carry out task safely (capability); the physical and social resources to do work safely (opportunity), and the sense that working safely is a core part of what makes a ‘good’ worker (motivation).
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Adapting the BCW as a methodology for ‘safety professionals.’ The BCW provides a comprehensive behaviour change methodology that enables professionals tasked with safeguarding against risks to develop interventions in a systematic way, considering the entire range of possible influences on risk-related behaviour.
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Using the BCW as an organising framework for research into ‘what works and for whom’ in relation to interventions to improve industrial safety. The BCW and BCTTV.1 provide a methodology and tools to allow for greater precision in specifying the content of behaviour change interventions to improve safety in industrial contexts.