Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and Law 3/2010

01.09.2010

Similarity, precedent and argument from analogy

verfasst von: Douglas Walton

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence and Law | Ausgabe 3/2010

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper, it is shown (1) that there are two schemes for argument from analogy that seem to be competitors but are not, (2) how one of them is based on a distinctive type of similarity premise, (3) how to analyze the notion of similarity using story schemes illustrated by some cases, (4) how arguments from precedent are based on arguments from analogy, and in many instances arguments from classification, and (5) that when similarity is defined by means of episode schemes, we can get a clearer idea of how it integrates with the use of argument from classification and argument from precedent in case-based reasoning by using a dialogue structure.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Aleven V (1997) Teaching case based argumentation through an example and models. PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Aleven V (1997) Teaching case based argumentation through an example and models. PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley K (1988) Arguing by analogy in law: a case-based model. In: Helman DH (ed) Analogical reasoning. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 205–224 Ashley K (1988) Arguing by analogy in law: a case-based model. In: Helman DH (ed) Analogical reasoning. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 205–224
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley K (2004) Capturing the dialectic between principles and cases. Jurimetrics 44:229–279 Ashley K (2004) Capturing the dialectic between principles and cases. Jurimetrics 44:229–279
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley K (2006) Case-based reasoning. In: Lodder AR, Oskamp A (eds) Information technology and lawyers. Springer, Berlin, pp 23–60CrossRef Ashley K (2006) Case-based reasoning. In: Lodder AR, Oskamp A (eds) Information technology and lawyers. Springer, Berlin, pp 23–60CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ashley K (2009) Ontological requirements for analogical, teleological and hypothetical reasoning. In: Proceeding of ICAIL 2009: 12th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. New York: association for computing machinery, pp 1–10 Ashley K (2009) Ontological requirements for analogical, teleological and hypothetical reasoning. In: Proceeding of ICAIL 2009: 12th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. New York: association for computing machinery, pp 1–10
Zurück zum Zitat Atkinson K, Bench-Capon TJM, McBurney P (2005) Arguing about cases as practical reasoning. In: Sartor G (ed) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. ACM Press, New York, pp 35–44 Atkinson K, Bench-Capon TJM, McBurney P (2005) Arguing about cases as practical reasoning. In: Sartor G (ed) Proceedings of the 10th international conference on artificial intelligence and law. ACM Press, New York, pp 35–44
Zurück zum Zitat Bench-Capon TJM (2009) Dimension based representation of popov v hayashi. In: Atkinson K (ed) Modelling legal cases. Huygens editorial, Barcelona, pp 41–52 Bench-Capon TJM (2009) Dimension based representation of popov v hayashi. In: Atkinson K (ed) Modelling legal cases. Huygens editorial, Barcelona, pp 41–52
Zurück zum Zitat Bench-Capon TJM (2010) Representing popov v. hayashi with dimensions and factors. Artif Intell Law (to appear) Bench-Capon TJM (2010) Representing popov v. hayashi with dimensions and factors. Artif Intell Law (to appear)
Zurück zum Zitat Bex F (2009a) Evidence for a good story: a hybrid theory of arguments, stories and criminal evidence. PhD thesis,University of Groningen Bex F (2009a) Evidence for a good story: a hybrid theory of arguments, stories and criminal evidence. PhD thesis,University of Groningen
Zurück zum Zitat Bex F (2009b) Analysing stories using schemes. In: Kaptein H, Prakken H, VerheijLegal B (eds) Evidence and proof: statistics stories, logic. Ashgate, Farnham, pp 93–116 Bex F (2009b) Analysing stories using schemes. In: Kaptein H, Prakken H, VerheijLegal B (eds) Evidence and proof: statistics stories, logic. Ashgate, Farnham, pp 93–116
Zurück zum Zitat Bex F, Prakken H (2008) Investigating stories in a formal dialogue game. In: Besnard P, Doutre S, Hunter A (eds) Proceedings of COMMA 2008. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 73–84 Bex F, Prakken H (2008) Investigating stories in a formal dialogue game. In: Besnard P, Doutre S, Hunter A (eds) Proceedings of COMMA 2008. IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 73–84
Zurück zum Zitat Bex F, Prakken H, Reed C, Walton D (2003) Towards a formal account of reasoning about evidence: argumentation schemes and generalizations. Artif Intell Law 11:125–165CrossRef Bex F, Prakken H, Reed C, Walton D (2003) Towards a formal account of reasoning about evidence: argumentation schemes and generalizations. Artif Intell Law 11:125–165CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brewer S (1996) Exemplary reasoning: semantics, pragmatics and the rational force of legal argument by analogy. Harv Law Rev 109:923–1038 Brewer S (1996) Exemplary reasoning: semantics, pragmatics and the rational force of legal argument by analogy. Harv Law Rev 109:923–1038
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon TF, Walton D (2006a) The carneades argumentation framework, computational models of argument: proceedings of COMMA 2006. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 195–207 Gordon TF, Walton D (2006a) The carneades argumentation framework, computational models of argument: proceedings of COMMA 2006. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 195–207
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon TF, Walton D (2006b) Pierson v. Post revisited, Computational models of argument: proceedings of COMMA 2006. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 208–219 Gordon TF, Walton D (2006b) Pierson v. Post revisited, Computational models of argument: proceedings of COMMA 2006. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 208–219
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon TF, Walton D (2009) Proof burdens and standards. In: Rahwan I, Simari G (eds) Argumentation and artificial intelligence. Springer, Berlin, pp 239–260CrossRef Gordon TF, Walton D (2009) Proof burdens and standards. In: Rahwan I, Simari G (eds) Argumentation and artificial intelligence. Springer, Berlin, pp 239–260CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Guarini M (2004) A defense of non-deductive reconstructions of analogical arguments. Informal Log 24:153–168 Guarini M (2004) A defense of non-deductive reconstructions of analogical arguments. Informal Log 24:153–168
Zurück zum Zitat Guarini M, Butchart A, Simard Smith P, Moldovan A (2009) Resources for research on analogy: a multi-disciplinary guide. Informal Log 29(2):84–197 Guarini M, Butchart A, Simard Smith P, Moldovan A (2009) Resources for research on analogy: a multi-disciplinary guide. Informal Log 29(2):84–197
Zurück zum Zitat Hamblin CL (1970) Fallacies. Methuen, London Hamblin CL (1970) Fallacies. Methuen, London
Zurück zum Zitat Hart HLA (1949) The ascription of responsibility and rights. In: Proceedings of the aristotelian society, vol 49, pp 171–194. Reprinted in logic and language, Flew A (ed) Blackwell, Oxford, 1951, pp 145–166 Hart HLA (1949) The ascription of responsibility and rights. In: Proceedings of the aristotelian society, vol 49, pp 171–194. Reprinted in logic and language, Flew A (ed) Blackwell, Oxford, 1951, pp 145–166
Zurück zum Zitat Hart HLA (1961) The concept of law. Oxford University Press, Oxford Hart HLA (1961) The concept of law. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Zurück zum Zitat Leake DB (1992) Evaluating explanations: a content theory. Erlbaum, New Jersey Leake DB (1992) Evaluating explanations: a content theory. Erlbaum, New Jersey
Zurück zum Zitat Macagno F, Walton D (2009) Argument from analogy in law, the classical tradition, and recent theories. Philos Rhetor 42:154–182CrossRef Macagno F, Walton D (2009) Argument from analogy in law, the classical tradition, and recent theories. Philos Rhetor 42:154–182CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McCarthy KM (2002) Statement of decision. Superior court of California, December 12, 2002, Case of Popov v. Hayahsi #4005545: www.findlaw McCarthy KM (2002) Statement of decision. Superior court of California, December 12, 2002, Case of Popov v. Hayahsi #4005545: www.​findlaw
Zurück zum Zitat McCarty LT, Sridharan NS (1982) A computational theory of legal argument. LRP-TR-13. Laboratory for computer science research. New Brunswick, New Jersey, pp 1–36 McCarty LT, Sridharan NS (1982) A computational theory of legal argument. LRP-TR-13. Laboratory for computer science research. New Brunswick, New Jersey, pp 1–36
Zurück zum Zitat McLaren BM (2003) Extensionally defining principles and cases in ethics: an AI model. Artif Intell J 150:145–181MATHCrossRef McLaren BM (2003) Extensionally defining principles and cases in ethics: an AI model. Artif Intell J 150:145–181MATHCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McLaren BM (2006) Computational models of ethical reasoning: challenges, initial steps, and future directions.In: IEEE intelligent systems. Published by the IEEE Computer Society, July/August, pp 29–37 McLaren BM (2006) Computational models of ethical reasoning: challenges, initial steps, and future directions.In: IEEE intelligent systems. Published by the IEEE Computer Society, July/August, pp 29–37
Zurück zum Zitat Pennington N, Hastie R (1993) The story model for juror decision making. In: Hastie R (ed) Inside the juror: the psychology of juror decision making. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 192–221CrossRef Pennington N, Hastie R (1993) The story model for juror decision making. In: Hastie R (ed) Inside the juror: the psychology of juror decision making. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 192–221CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schank RC (1986) Explanation patterns: understanding mechanically and creatively. Erlbaum, New Jersey Schank RC (1986) Explanation patterns: understanding mechanically and creatively. Erlbaum, New Jersey
Zurück zum Zitat Schank RC, Abelson RP (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Erlbaum, New Jersey Schank RC, Abelson RP (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding. Erlbaum, New Jersey
Zurück zum Zitat Schauer F (2009) Thinking like a lawyer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Schauer F (2009) Thinking like a lawyer. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Thomson J (1971) A defense of abortion. Philos Public Aff 1(1):47–66 Thomson J (1971) A defense of abortion. Philos Public Aff 1(1):47–66
Zurück zum Zitat Wagenaar WA, van Koppen PJ, Crombag HFM (1993) Anchored narratives: the psychology of criminal evidence. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hertfordshire Wagenaar WA, van Koppen PJ, Crombag HFM (1993) Anchored narratives: the psychology of criminal evidence. Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hertfordshire
Zurück zum Zitat Walton D, Gordon TF (2005) Critical questions in computational models of legal argument. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IAAIL workshop series international workshop on argumentation in artificial intelligence and law. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen, pp 103–111 Walton D, Gordon TF (2005) Critical questions in computational models of legal argument. In: Dunne PE, Bench-Capon TJM (eds) IAAIL workshop series international workshop on argumentation in artificial intelligence and law. Wolf Legal Publishers, Nijmegen, pp 103–111
Zurück zum Zitat Walton D, Gordon TF (2009) Jumping to a conclusion: fallacies and standards of proof. Informal Log 29:215–243 Walton D, Gordon TF (2009) Jumping to a conclusion: fallacies and standards of proof. Informal Log 29:215–243
Zurück zum Zitat Walton D, Reed C, Macagno F (2008) Argumentation schemes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Walton D, Reed C, Macagno F (2008) Argumentation schemes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Weinreb LL (2005) Legal reason: the use of analogy in legal argument. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Weinreb LL (2005) Legal reason: the use of analogy in legal argument. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Zurück zum Zitat Wyner A, Bench-Capon TJM (2007) Argument schemes for legal case-based reasoning. In: Lodder A, Mommers L (eds) Legal knowledge and information systems (JURIX 2007). IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 139–149 Wyner A, Bench-Capon TJM (2007) Argument schemes for legal case-based reasoning. In: Lodder A, Mommers L (eds) Legal knowledge and information systems (JURIX 2007). IOS Press, Amsterdam, pp 139–149
Zurück zum Zitat Wyner A, Bench-Capon TJM, Atkinson K (2007) Arguments, values and baseballs: representation of popov v. hayashi. In: Lodder AR, Mommers L (eds) Legal knowledge and information systems (JURIX 2007), Amsterdam, IOS Press, pp 151–160 Wyner A, Bench-Capon TJM, Atkinson K (2007) Arguments, values and baseballs: representation of popov v. hayashi. In: Lodder AR, Mommers L (eds) Legal knowledge and information systems (JURIX 2007), Amsterdam, IOS Press, pp 151–160
Metadaten
Titel
Similarity, precedent and argument from analogy
verfasst von
Douglas Walton
Publikationsdatum
01.09.2010
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Artificial Intelligence and Law / Ausgabe 3/2010
Print ISSN: 0924-8463
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-8382
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-010-9102-z