Skip to main content

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Social Marketing in Travel Demand Management

verfasst von : John Thøgersen

Erschienen in: Handbook of Sustainable Travel

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Social marketing is an increasingly popular means of Travel Demand Management (TDM) for promoting non-car modes of travel that has proven to be effective, in particular if combined with structural improvements. Successful social marketing is based on a thorough understanding of targeted people’s needs, wants, and perceived barriers. It uses a combination of means to create an attractive offering tailored to these needs, wants, and perceived barriers. It applies established marketing techniques for catching attention to the offerings. However, there are limits to what social marketing can accomplish. In particular, social marketing is limited to cases where only perceived and not real barriers prevent people from using alternative travel modes. A review is given of research on and practical experiences of social marketing in TDM as a basis for evaluating its usefulness.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
The presentation of the South Perth case is based on Brög et al. (2009), Brög, Erl and Mense (2005), James (2002), and the web site of Department of Transport, Western Australia, retrieved from http://​www.​transport.​wa.​gov.​au/​activetransport/​24605.​asp
 
2
This summary of the Nottingham Cycle-Friendly Employers’ (NCFE) project is based on Cleary and McClintock (2000) and Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions (2001).
 
3
Another, more recent Cycle Challenge case from Southampton, UK, is reported at www.​toolsofchange.​com/​en/​case-studies/​detail/​654
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit and information use in travel mode choices. Acta Psychologica, 96, 1–14.CrossRef Aarts, H., Verplanken, B., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit and information use in travel mode choices. Acta Psychologica, 96, 1–14.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Andreasen, A. R. (1991). Social marketing. In P. Kotler & A. R. Andreasen (Eds.), Strategic marketing for nonprofit organizations (4th ed., pp. 402–429). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Andreasen, A. R. (1991). Social marketing. In P. Kotler & A. R. Andreasen (Eds.), Strategic marketing for nonprofit organizations (4th ed., pp. 402–429). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreasen, A. R. (1993). Presidential address. A social marketing research agenda for consumer behavior researchers. In M. Rothschild & L. McAlister (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 20, pp. 397–404). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. Andreasen, A. R. (1993). Presidential address. A social marketing research agenda for consumer behavior researchers. In M. Rothschild & L. McAlister (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 20, pp. 397–404). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreasen, A. R. (1994). Social marketing: Its definition and domain. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 13, 108–114. Andreasen, A. R. (1994). Social marketing: Its definition and domain. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 13, 108–114.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreasen, A. R. (1995). Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment. Washington, DC: Jossey-Bass. Andreasen, A. R. (1995). Marketing social change: Changing behavior to promote health, social development, and the environment. Washington, DC: Jossey-Bass.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreasen, A. R. (2006). Social marketing in the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Andreasen, A. R. (2006). Social marketing in the 21st century. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachman, W., & Katzev, R. (1982). The effects of non-contingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership. Transportation Research Part A, 16, 103–108.CrossRef Bachman, W., & Katzev, R. (1982). The effects of non-contingent free bus tickets and personal commitment on urban bus ridership. Transportation Research Part A, 16, 103–108.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bamberg, S. (2006). Is a residential relocation a good opportunity to change people’s travel behavior? Results from a theory-driven intervention study. Environment and Behavior, 38, 820–840.CrossRef Bamberg, S. (2006). Is a residential relocation a good opportunity to change people’s travel behavior? Results from a theory-driven intervention study. Environment and Behavior, 38, 820–840.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bamberg, S., Fujii, S., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Behaviour theory and soft transport policy measures. Transport Policy, 18, 228–235.CrossRef Bamberg, S., Fujii, S., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Behaviour theory and soft transport policy measures. Transport Policy, 18, 228–235.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brög, W., Erl, E., Ker, I., Ryle, J., & Wall, R. (2009). Evaluation of voluntary travel behaviour change: Experiences from three continents. Transport Policy, 16, 281–292.CrossRef Brög, W., Erl, E., Ker, I., Ryle, J., & Wall, R. (2009). Evaluation of voluntary travel behaviour change: Experiences from three continents. Transport Policy, 16, 281–292.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brög, W., Erl, E., & Mense, N. (2005). Individualised marketing changing travel behaviour for a better environment. Paper presented at the TRIP research conference: The economic and environmental consequences of regulating traffic, Hillerød, Denmark. Brög, W., Erl, E., & Mense, N. (2005). Individualised marketing changing travel behaviour for a better environment. Paper presented at the TRIP research conference: The economic and environmental consequences of regulating traffic, Hillerød, Denmark.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan, N. D., & Shaheen, S. A. (2011). Ridesharing in North America: Past, present, and future. Transport Reviews, 32, 93–112.CrossRef Chan, N. D., & Shaheen, S. A. (2011). Ridesharing in North America: Past, present, and future. Transport Reviews, 32, 93–112.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cleary, J., & McClintock, H. (2000). Evaluation of the Cycle Challenge project: A case study of the Nottingham Cycle-Friendly Employers’ project. Transport Policy, 7, 117–125.CrossRef Cleary, J., & McClintock, H. (2000). Evaluation of the Cycle Challenge project: A case study of the Nottingham Cycle-Friendly Employers’ project. Transport Policy, 7, 117–125.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Deka, D. (1996). Public transit in the social marketing framework. Journal of Public Transportation, 1, 65–86. Deka, D. (1996). Public transit in the social marketing framework. Journal of Public Transportation, 1, 65–86.
Zurück zum Zitat Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions. (2001). The Nottingham cycle friendly employers project. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Traffic Advisory Unit. Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions. (2001). The Nottingham cycle friendly employers project. London: Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions, Traffic Advisory Unit.
Zurück zum Zitat Donovan, R. J., & Henley, N. (2010). Principles and practice of social marketing: An international perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Donovan, R. J., & Henley, N. (2010). Principles and practice of social marketing: An international perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ellesøe, M., & Flensburg, T. (2004, January 19). Trafikøkonom: Gør busserne gratis (Trafic economist: Make the busses free). Politiken. Ellesøe, M., & Flensburg, T. (2004, January 19). Trafikøkonom: Gør busserne gratis (Trafic economist: Make the busses free). Politiken.
Zurück zum Zitat Enoch, M., & Potter, S. (2002). Marketing and the British bus industry. Municipal Engineer, 151, 49–56.CrossRef Enoch, M., & Potter, S. (2002). Marketing and the British bus industry. Municipal Engineer, 151, 49–56.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat European Environment Agency (EEA). (2012). Consumption and the environment – 2012 update. The European environment — state and outlook 2010. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency. European Environment Agency (EEA). (2012). Consumption and the environment – 2012 update. The European environment — state and outlook 2010. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency.
Zurück zum Zitat Everett, P. B., & Watson, B. G. (1987). Psychological contributions to transportation. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 987–1008). New York: Wiley. Everett, P. B., & Watson, B. G. (1987). Psychological contributions to transportation. In D. Stokols & I. Altman (Eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 987–1008). New York: Wiley.
Zurück zum Zitat Frederick, S. J., & Kenyon, K. L. (1991). Difficulties with the Easy Ride project: Obstacles to voluntary ridesharing in the suburbs. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1321, 94–101. Frederick, S. J., & Kenyon, K. L. (1991). Difficulties with the Easy Ride project: Obstacles to voluntary ridesharing in the suburbs. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1321, 94–101.
Zurück zum Zitat Fujii, S., Gärling, T., & Kitamura, R. (2001). Change in drivers’ perceptions and use of public transport during a freeway closure: Effects of temporary structural change on cooperation in a real-life social dilemma. Environment and Behavior, 33, 796–808.CrossRef Fujii, S., Gärling, T., & Kitamura, R. (2001). Change in drivers’ perceptions and use of public transport during a freeway closure: Effects of temporary structural change on cooperation in a real-life social dilemma. Environment and Behavior, 33, 796–808.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fujii, S., & Kitamura, R. (2003). What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change. Transportation, 30, 81–95.CrossRef Fujii, S., & Kitamura, R. (2003). What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change. Transportation, 30, 81–95.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gallagher, K. S., & Muehlegger, E. (2008). Giving green to get green: Incentives and consumer adoption of hybrid vehicle technology. Unpublished paper, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA. Gallagher, K. S., & Muehlegger, E. (2008). Giving green to get green: Incentives and consumer adoption of hybrid vehicle technology. Unpublished paper, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA.
Zurück zum Zitat Gärling, T. (2005). Changes of private car use in response to travel demand management. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application (pp. 551–572). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Gärling, T. (2005). Changes of private car use in response to travel demand management. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application (pp. 551–572). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Zurück zum Zitat Gärling, T., & Friman, M. (2012). A behavioural perspective on voluntary reduction of private car use. In B. Van Wee (Ed.), Keep moving, towards sustainable mobility (pp. 109–134). The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing. Gärling, T., & Friman, M. (2012). A behavioural perspective on voluntary reduction of private car use. In B. Van Wee (Ed.), Keep moving, towards sustainable mobility (pp. 109–134). The Hague, The Netherlands: Eleven International Publishing.
Zurück zum Zitat Gärling, T., & Loukopoulos, P. (2007). Effectiveness, public acceptance, and political feasibility of coercive measures for reducing car traffic. In T. Gärling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions (pp. 313–324). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Gärling, T., & Loukopoulos, P. (2007). Effectiveness, public acceptance, and political feasibility of coercive measures for reducing car traffic. In T. Gärling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions (pp. 313–324). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Zurück zum Zitat Gärling, A., & Thøgersen, J. (2001). Marketing of electric vehicles. Business Strategy and the Environment, 10, 53–65.CrossRef Gärling, A., & Thøgersen, J. (2001). Marketing of electric vehicles. Business Strategy and the Environment, 10, 53–65.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Glazer, J., Koval, A., & Gerard, C. (1986). Part-time carpooling: A new marketing concept for ridesharing. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportion Research Board, 1082, 6–15. Glazer, J., Koval, A., & Gerard, C. (1986). Part-time carpooling: A new marketing concept for ridesharing. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportion Research Board, 1082, 6–15.
Zurück zum Zitat Hastings, G., Stead, M., & Webb, J. (2004). Fear appeals in social marketing: Strategic and ethical reasons for concern. Psychology and Marketing, 21, 961–986.CrossRef Hastings, G., Stead, M., & Webb, J. (2004). Fear appeals in social marketing: Strategic and ethical reasons for concern. Psychology and Marketing, 21, 961–986.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Høberg, J. (2003, October 31). DSB er i krise på Fyn (DSB is in a crisis at Funen). Jyllands-Posten. Høberg, J. (2003, October 31). DSB er i krise på Fyn (DSB is in a crisis at Funen). Jyllands-Posten.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutton, R. B., & Ahtola, O. T. (1991). Consumer response to a five-year campaign to combat air pollution. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 10, 242–256. Hutton, R. B., & Ahtola, O. T. (1991). Consumer response to a five-year campaign to combat air pollution. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 10, 242–256.
Zurück zum Zitat James, B. (2002). TravelSmart—large-scale cost-effective mobility management. Experiences from Perth, Western Australia. Municipal Engineer, 151, 39–48.CrossRef James, B. (2002). TravelSmart—large-scale cost-effective mobility management. Experiences from Perth, Western Australia. Municipal Engineer, 151, 39–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kearney, A. R., & De Young, R. (1996). Changing commuter travel behavior: Employer-initiated strategies. Journal of Environmental Systems, 24, 373–393.CrossRef Kearney, A. R., & De Young, R. (1996). Changing commuter travel behavior: Employer-initiated strategies. Journal of Environmental Systems, 24, 373–393.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Social marketing. Influencing behaviors for good (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Social marketing. Influencing behaviors for good (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social marketing: An approach to planned social change. Journal of Marketing, 35, 3–12.CrossRef Kotler, P., & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social marketing: An approach to planned social change. Journal of Marketing, 35, 3–12.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kurani, K. S., & Turrentine, T. S. (2002). Marketing clean and efficient vehicles: A review of social marketing and social science approaches. Davis, CA: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis. Kurani, K. S., & Turrentine, T. S. (2002). Marketing clean and efficient vehicles: A review of social marketing and social science approaches. Davis, CA: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefebvre, R. C. (2011). An integrative model for social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 1, 54–72.CrossRef Lefebvre, R. C. (2011). An integrative model for social marketing. Journal of Social Marketing, 1, 54–72.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lohmann-Hansen, A., Lahrmann, H., & Madsen, J. C. O. (2001). Cykelbus’ter projektet i Århus: fra bil til cykel eller bus med positive virkemidler – projektevaluering (The Cyclebus’ter project in Aarhus: From car to bicycle or bus with positive incentives – project evaluation). København, Denmark: Transportrådet. Lohmann-Hansen, A., Lahrmann, H., & Madsen, J. C. O. (2001). Cykelbus’ter projektet i Århus: fra bil til cykel eller bus med positive virkemidler – projektevaluering (The Cyclebus’ter project in Aarhus: From car to bicycle or bus with positive incentives – project evaluation). København, Denmark: Transportrådet.
Zurück zum Zitat Maibach, E., Steg, L., & Anable, J. (2009). Promoting physical activity and reducing climate change: Opportunities to replace short car trips with active transportation. Preventive Medicine, 49, 326–327.CrossRef Maibach, E., Steg, L., & Anable, J. (2009). Promoting physical activity and reducing climate change: Opportunities to replace short car trips with active transportation. Preventive Medicine, 49, 326–327.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McKenzie-Mohr, D., Schultz, W., Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2012). Social marketing to protect the environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. McKenzie-Mohr, D., Schultz, W., Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2012). Social marketing to protect the environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Midttrafik. (2012). Aarhus Nærbane: Togfusion fejret med gratis kørsel – Farvel til “Oddergrisen” (Aarhus commute train: Coordination promoted by free tickets – Goodbuy to the “Oddergris”). Midttrafik Nyhedsbrev – busselskaber og vognmænd, (12), 2. Midttrafik. (2012). Aarhus Nærbane: Togfusion fejret med gratis kørsel – Farvel til “Oddergrisen” (Aarhus commute train: Coordination promoted by free tickets – Goodbuy to the “Oddergris”). Midttrafik Nyhedsbrev – busselskaber og vognmænd, (12), 2.
Zurück zum Zitat Møller, B. T., & Thøgersen, J. (2008). Car-use habits: An obstacle to the use of public transportation? In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Madsen, O. A. Nielsen, & B. Sloth (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy, and the environment (pp. 301–314). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Møller, B. T., & Thøgersen, J. (2008). Car-use habits: An obstacle to the use of public transportation? In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Madsen, O. A. Nielsen, & B. Sloth (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy, and the environment (pp. 301–314). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Zurück zum Zitat Møller-Jensen, L., Jensen-Butler, C., Madsen, B., Millard, J., & Schmidt, L. (2008). A web-based study of the propensity to telework based on socio-economic, work organisation and spatial factors. In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Madsen, O. A. Nielsen, & B. Sloth (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy and the environment (pp. 395–409). Berlin, Germany: Springer.CrossRef Møller-Jensen, L., Jensen-Butler, C., Madsen, B., Millard, J., & Schmidt, L. (2008). A web-based study of the propensity to telework based on socio-economic, work organisation and spatial factors. In C. Jensen-Butler, B. Madsen, O. A. Nielsen, & B. Sloth (Eds.), Road pricing, the economy and the environment (pp. 395–409). Berlin, Germany: Springer.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Möser, G., & Bamberg, S. (2008). The effectiveness of soft transport policy measures: A critical assessment and meta-analysis of empirical evidence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 10–26.CrossRef Möser, G., & Bamberg, S. (2008). The effectiveness of soft transport policy measures: A critical assessment and meta-analysis of empirical evidence. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 10–26.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Østergaard, S., & Schougaard, J. (1997). Direkte markedsføring i HT (Direct marketing in HT). In H. Lahrmann & L. H. Pedersen (Eds.), Trafikdage på Aalborg Universitet 1997 (pp. 567–572). Aalborg, Denmark: Aalborg Universitet, Transportrådet og Trafikforskningsgruppen. Østergaard, S., & Schougaard, J. (1997). Direkte markedsføring i HT (Direct marketing in HT). In H. Lahrmann & L. H. Pedersen (Eds.), Trafikdage på Aalborg Universitet 1997 (pp. 567–572). Aalborg, Denmark: Aalborg Universitet, Transportrådet og Trafikforskningsgruppen.
Zurück zum Zitat Plougsgaard, H. (2005, May 2). Gratis nærbane er populær (Free local rail is popular). Jyllands-Posten. Plougsgaard, H. (2005, May 2). Gratis nærbane er populær (Free local rail is popular). Jyllands-Posten.
Zurück zum Zitat Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine, 50(Supplement 1), S106–S125.CrossRef Pucher, J., Dill, J., & Handy, S. (2010). Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Preventive Medicine, 50(Supplement 1), S106–S125.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Richter, J., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2010). Review of implementations of soft transport policy measures. Transportation: Theory and Application, 2, 5–18. Richter, J., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2010). Review of implementations of soft transport policy measures. Transportation: Theory and Application, 2, 5–18.
Zurück zum Zitat Richter, J., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Soft transport policy measures: Gaps in knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5, 199–215.CrossRef Richter, J., Friman, M., & Gärling, T. (2011). Soft transport policy measures: Gaps in knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 5, 199–215.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ritzau. (2004, July 11). Gratistog gav gevinst (Free train successful). Politiken. Ritzau. (2004, July 11). Gratistog gav gevinst (Free train successful). Politiken.
Zurück zum Zitat Rose, G., & Marfurt, H. (2007). Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event. Transportation Research Part A, 41, 351–364. Rose, G., & Marfurt, H. (2007). Travel behaviour change impacts of a major ride to work day event. Transportation Research Part A, 41, 351–364.
Zurück zum Zitat Rose, G., Marfurt, H., & Harbutt, P. (2003). Using a ride to work day event to promote travel behavior change. Paper presented at the 26th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Wellington, New Zealand. Rose, G., Marfurt, H., & Harbutt, P. (2003). Using a ride to work day event to promote travel behavior change. Paper presented at the 26th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Wellington, New Zealand.
Zurück zum Zitat Schuitema, G., Steg, L., & Rothengatter, J. A. (2010). The acceptability, personal outcome expectations, and expected effects of transport pricing policies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 587–593.CrossRef Schuitema, G., Steg, L., & Rothengatter, J. A. (2010). The acceptability, personal outcome expectations, and expected effects of transport pricing policies. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 587–593.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Seethaler, R. K., & Rose, G. (2004). Application of psychological principles to promote travel behavior change. Transport Engineering in Australia, 9(2), 67–84. Seethaler, R. K., & Rose, G. (2004). Application of psychological principles to promote travel behavior change. Transport Engineering in Australia, 9(2), 67–84.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, V., & Beroldo, S. (2002). Tracking the duration of new commute modes following service from a ridesharing agency: Longitudinal study. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1781, 26–31.CrossRef Smith, V., & Beroldo, S. (2002). Tracking the duration of new commute modes following service from a ridesharing agency: Longitudinal study. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1781, 26–31.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Socialdata Sverige. (2002). Individualiserad marknadsföring i Dalvik (Individualized marketing in Dalvik). Jönköping, Sweden: Socialdata Sverige. Socialdata Sverige. (2002). Individualiserad marknadsföring i Dalvik (Individualized marketing in Dalvik). Jönköping, Sweden: Socialdata Sverige.
Zurück zum Zitat Staats, H. J., Wit, A. P., & Midden, C. Y. H. (1996). Communicating the greenhouse effect to the public: Evaluation of a mass media campaign from a social dilemma perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 45, 189–203.CrossRef Staats, H. J., Wit, A. P., & Midden, C. Y. H. (1996). Communicating the greenhouse effect to the public: Evaluation of a mass media campaign from a social dilemma perspective. Journal of Environmental Management, 45, 189–203.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Slotegraaf, G. (2001). Instrumental-reasoned and symbolic-affective motives for using a motor car. Transportation Research Part F, 4, 151–169.CrossRef Steg, L., Vlek, C., & Slotegraaf, G. (2001). Instrumental-reasoned and symbolic-affective motives for using a motor car. Transportation Research Part F, 4, 151–169.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stern, P. C. (1999). Information, incentives, and proenvironmental consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Policy, 22, 461–478.CrossRef Stern, P. C. (1999). Information, incentives, and proenvironmental consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Policy, 22, 461–478.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Stradling, S. G. (2002). Transport user needs and marketing public transport. Municipal Engineer, 151, 23–28.CrossRef Stradling, S. G. (2002). Transport user needs and marketing public transport. Municipal Engineer, 151, 23–28.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tetraplan. (2004). 0-takst på Svendborgbanen. Effekten af at gøre brugen gratis i januar 2004 (0-fare on the Svendborg line. The effect of making the use free in January 2004). København, Denmark: Trafikministeriet. Tetraplan. (2004). 0-takst på Svendborgbanen. Effekten af at gøre brugen gratis i januar 2004 (0-fare on the Svendborg line. The effect of making the use free in January 2004). København, Denmark: Trafikministeriet.
Zurück zum Zitat Thayer, M. (1992). Effectiveness of a statewide ridesharing promotion: California rideshare week. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1338, 94–101. Thayer, M. (1992). Effectiveness of a statewide ridesharing promotion: California rideshare week. Transportation Research Record: Journal of theTransportion Research Board, 1338, 94–101.
Zurück zum Zitat Thøgersen, J. (1997). Facilitating recycling. Reverse-distribution channel design for participation and support. Social Marketing Quarterly, 4(1), 42–55.CrossRef Thøgersen, J. (1997). Facilitating recycling. Reverse-distribution channel design for participation and support. Social Marketing Quarterly, 4(1), 42–55.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Thøgersen, J. (2007). Social marketing of alternative transportation modes. In T. Gärling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions (pp. 367–381). Oxford, UK: Elsevier. Thøgersen, J. (2007). Social marketing of alternative transportation modes. In T. Gärling & L. Steg (Eds.), Threats to the quality of urban life from car traffic: Problems, causes, and solutions (pp. 367–381). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Zurück zum Zitat Thøgersen, J. (2009). Promoting public transport as a subscription service: Effects of a free month travel card. Transport Policy, 16, 335–343.CrossRef Thøgersen, J. (2009). Promoting public transport as a subscription service: Effects of a free month travel card. Transport Policy, 16, 335–343.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Thøgersen, J. (2012). The importance of timing for breaking commuters’ car driving habits. In A. Warde & D. Southerton (Eds.), The habits of consumption (pp. 130–140). Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies. Thøgersen, J. (2012). The importance of timing for breaking commuters’ car driving habits. In A. Warde & D. Southerton (Eds.), The habits of consumption (pp. 130–140). Helsinki, Finland: Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies.
Zurück zum Zitat Thøgersen, J., & Møller, B. (2008). Breaking car-use habits: The effectiveness of a free month travel card. Transportation, 35, 329–345.CrossRef Thøgersen, J., & Møller, B. (2008). Breaking car-use habits: The effectiveness of a free month travel card. Transportation, 35, 329–345.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen (VDV), & Socialdata. (1993). Chancen für Busse und Bahnen (Opportunities for buses and train). Köln, Germany: Socialdata. Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen (VDV), & Socialdata. (1993). Chancen für Busse und Bahnen (Opportunities for buses and train). Köln, Germany: Socialdata.
Zurück zum Zitat Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 539–560.CrossRef Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices. European Journal of Social Psychology, 27, 539–560.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., Van Knippenberg, A., & Van Knippenberg, C. (1994). Attitude versus general habit: Antecedents of travel mode choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 285–300.CrossRef Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., Van Knippenberg, A., & Van Knippenberg, C. (1994). Attitude versus general habit: Antecedents of travel mode choice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 285–300.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Verplanken, B., Walker, I., Davis, A., & Jurasek, M. (2008). Context change and travel mode choice: Combining the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 121–127.CrossRef Verplanken, B., Walker, I., Davis, A., & Jurasek, M. (2008). Context change and travel mode choice: Combining the habit discontinuity and self-activation hypotheses. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 121–127.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25, 90–104.CrossRef Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25, 90–104.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wright, C., & Egan, J. (2000). De-marketing the car. Transport Policy, 7, 287–294.CrossRef Wright, C., & Egan, J. (2000). De-marketing the car. Transport Policy, 7, 287–294.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Social Marketing in Travel Demand Management
verfasst von
John Thøgersen
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7034-8_8