Purpose
Methods
Experimental set-up
Parallel SOR solver
Shape matching
Cluster-based deformation
Collision and data preparation
Weighted matrix blending
Time step | 1/60 s |
Simulation substeps | 3 (collision detection is performed once per substep) |
Substep iterations | 9 (each substep performs this many solve passes over the constraints) |
Cluster spacing factor | 3.33 (applied to particle radius, controls cluster overlap) |
Volume sampling factor | 4 (controls particle density) |
Relaxation type | Local (relaxation \(\hbox {factor} = 1.0\)) |
Acceleration due to gravity |
\(9.81\,\hbox {m/s}^2\)
|
Tissue density |
\(1.05\,\hbox {g/cm}^3\) [22] |
Shape friction coefficient | 0.35 |
Particle friction coefficient | 0.25 |
Damping factor | 12.0 |
Calibration
Results
Particle radius (mm) | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stiffness \(\alpha \)
| 0.95 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
0th deformation (0.00 mm) | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.72 | 0.79 | 0.93 |
1st deformation (5.95 mm) | 1.41 (24 %) | 1.49 (25 %) | 1.55 (26 %) | 1.51 (25 %) | 1.46 (24 %) |
2nd deformation (9.48 mm) | 1.46 (15 %) | 1.61 (17 %) | 1.70 (18 %) | 1.74 (18 %) | 1.67 (18 %) |
3rd deformation (12.38 mm) | 2.26 (18 %) | 2.30 (19 %) | 2.41 (19 %) | 2.39 (19 %) | 2.32 (19 %) |
Overall mean deformation | 1.44 | 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.61 | 1.60 |
Particle radius (mm) | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stiffness \(\alpha \)
| 0.95 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
0th deformation (0.00 mm) | 0.34 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.41 |
1st deformation (5.95 mm) | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.58 |
2nd deformation (9.48 mm) | 0.80 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 1.03 | 0.79 |
3rd deformation (12.38 mm) | 1.02 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.15 | 1.00 |
Particle radius (mm) | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stiffness \(\alpha \)
| 0.95 | 0.60 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.35 |
0th deformation (0.00 mm) | 1.24 | 1.37 | 1.42 | 1.57 | 1.76 |
1st deformation (5.95 mm) | 2.92 | 2.93 | 2.88 | 2.91 | 2.89 |
2nd deformation (9.48 mm) | 3.16 | 3.97 | 3.80 | 4.21 | 3.33 |
3rd deformation (12.38 mm) | 4.54 | 4.76 | 4.73 | 5.29 | 4.55 |
Particle radius (mm) | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 12.10 | 12.10 | 12.37 | 12.66 | 14.16 |
Standard deviation | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.29 |
Minimum | 11.68 | 11.68 | 11.96 | 12.28 | 13.67 |
Maximum | 12.77 | 12.77 | 12.84 | 13.37 | 15.68 |