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2020 | Buch

Introduction of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Spatial Mapping and Modelling for Kala-azar Disease

verfasst von: Dr. Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Assist. Prof. Pravat Kumar Shit

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : SpringerBriefs in Medical Earth Sciences

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book addresses the current challenges in controlling Kala-azar disease (Visceral leishmaniasis) in India and other VL-endemic areas, and aims to develop and apply a geo-environmental risk model based on primary and secondary data with the aid of remote sensing and GIS technologies to assess and mitigate Kala-azar transmission. Through case studies carried out in India, the book provides insight into the relationship between geo-environmental variables and encroachments of Kala-azar, and identifies potential pathways for VL introduction to develop mitigation strategies using GIS and remote sensing technologies. The book critically assesses existing VL mitigation measures that do not adequately account for geo-environmental conditions, and analyzes the environmental factors that aid Kala-azar transmission using remote sensing, spatial statistics and data mining techniques. The book will be of interest to epidemiologists, researchers and practitioners using geospatial data practices to study disease transmission and associated monitoring technologies.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar)
Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary of leishmaniasis in parallel with special emphasis on kala-azar. Kala-azar or visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a slow progressing indigenous disease caused by a protozoan parasite (Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, and Leishmania archibaldi), with a mortality rate 75–95%. The parasite primarily infects the reticuloendothelial system and may be found in abundance in the bone marrow, spleen, and liver. Out of the 88 VL-affected countries, 72 countries are least developed countries, and 90% of kala-azar cases are recorded from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sudan. Approximately 600 Leishmania species have been identified in the Old World and New World. However, the prevalence of P. argentipes is observed throughout the year with two annual peak density. In India, VL is purely anthroponosis. A multifaceted aspect has seen the reemergence and transmission of kala-azar throughout the world.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 2. Geoinformatics and Kala-azar Disease Transmission
Abstract
Geoinformatics is concerned about georeferenced data input, storage, recovery and addition, image processing operations, spatial analysis tools, visualization, plotting, and graph in a systematized form. The spatial distribution of the disease and vectors encompasses the practice of computational investigation and illustration of geographic data using the so-called geoinformatics. Moreover, several environmental variables derived from satellite data such as climate, land use/land cover, and other environmental aspects that influence the activity of pathogens, vectors, and their interactions with hosts and reservoirs can be used for mapping and monitoring the disease distribution pattern. Subsequently, the geographically referenced data may aid in numerous aspects, like documentation and spread of disease over time, population clusters at risk, forms of disease epidemics, ability accessible to healthcare and program intercession planning, and determination in disease outbreak. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) allows the correlation of the geographical distribution of VL with environmental factors. Hence, geoinformatics is a powerful tool for disease surveillance, envisaging its epidemics and monitoring control program.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 3. Microgeographical Factors of Kala-azar Disease
Abstract
Changing landscape and climate change can significantly affect local climate and environmental aspect more accurately. The spatial distributions of microgeography and habitat loss are the current challenges to humankind also influencing the vector ecology and vector breeding habitats. Microgeographical factors like temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, soil, peridomestic vegetation, topography, natural vegetation, deforestation, surface waterbody, land use/land cover, population density, housing characteristics, family size, illiteracy rate, unemployment, urbanization, population migration etc. played an important role in kala-azar transmission. This chapter demonstrates the role of remote sensing data to extract the geographical factors. This chapter also illustrates two examples by identifying some microgeographical factors that have shaped kala-azar propagation in the past and those that appear to be playing a part today.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 4. Open Source GIS and Kala-azar Transmission
Abstract
This chapter describes about the Open Source GIS (OSG) software in disease transmission mapping and modelling. The list of OSG software has also been analyzed for mapping and modelling of disease. Current OSG can aid from assimilating different types of maps and charts to epitomize health phenomenon for efficient insistences. Majority of the OSG use choropleth maps and other thematic maps to display spatial patterns of health phenomenon. This chapter also describes the list of open source public health data and sources of specific applications. Few examples of spatial mapping and visualization techniques of public health data have also been illustrated based on the OSG.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 5. Sandfly Ecology of Kala-azar Transmission
Abstract
This chapter focused on vector ecology on disease transmission. Approximately, 900 phlebotomine sandfly species have been recorded, and out of which 30% of the species are proven vector of kala-azar. Usually, sandflies are extended between 50°N and 40°S in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. Various ecological factors like rainfall, wind speed, relative humidity, soil moisture, pH, and organic carbon are known to affect the oviposition of gravid female sandflies along with the survival and growth of larvae. Sandfly density and behaviors of sandfly, risk mapping, and vector control strategy have been described. A case study has been described for identification of sandfly density using geographical factors.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 6. Disease Ecology and Transmission
Abstract
This chapter describes about the ecological factors in kala-azar transmission mapping and modelling. Risks of emergence or re-emergence of leishmaniasis are associated with several aspects. The coinfection of disease with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), tuberculosis, and HIV/AID has also been analyzed. Overlap of HIV/VL coinfection is a serious worldwide concern. Moreover, changes in landscape variables, increasing agricultural land, forested areas to domestic and rural settlements, etc. have been found to be associated with the VL risk. A correlative analysis between environmental factors and disease risk analysis has been described. Finally, a case study on risk zone mapping and modelling of kala-azar using environmental factors via geospatial tool and field-based observation has been described. Weighted index overlay analysis is used to identify the kala-azar risk areas.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Chapter 7. Measures and Control of Kala-azar
Abstract
This chapter describes the various measures and control strategy taken into account for kala-azar transmission. This chapter provides a brief introduction of pandemic history of kala-azar with special reference to World Health Organization and the universal plan adopted for the disease control strategy. A brief overview of disease control strategy has been described in this chapter. The future direction of geoinformatics and environmental and mathematical models to be adopted for disease control programs and strengthening control strategies is discussed. This chapter also describes the proposed approach of telemedicine, smart phone, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, data science, and IoT in kala-azar control programs. A short synopsis of recent and future challenges of disease control strategy is also taken into account.
Gouri Sankar Bhunia, Pravat Kumar Shit
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Spatial Mapping and Modelling for Kala-azar Disease
verfasst von
Dr. Gouri Sankar Bhunia
Assist. Prof. Pravat Kumar Shit
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-41227-2
Print ISBN
978-3-030-41226-5
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41227-2