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Human Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work

The first IFIP TC 13.6 WG Conference: Designing for Human Work, February 13–15, 2006, Madeira, Portugal

herausgegeben von: Torkil Clemmensen, Pedro Campos, Rikke Orngreen, Annelise Mark Pejtersen, William Wong

Verlag: Springer US

Buchreihe : IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book records the very first Working Conference of the newly established IFIP Working Group on Human-Work Interaction Design, which was hosted by the University of Madeira in 2006. The theme of the conference was on synthesizing work analysis and design sketching, with a particular focus on how to read design sketches within different approaches to analysis and design of human-work interaction. Authors were encouraged to submit papers about design sketches - for interfaces, for organizations of work etc. - that they themselves had worked on. During the conference, they presented the lessons they had learnt from the design and evaluation process, citing reasons for why the designs worked or why they did not work. Researchers, designers and analysts in this way confronted concrete design problems in complex work domains and used this unique opportunity to share their own design problems and solutions with the community. To successfully practice and do research within Human - Work Interaction Design requires a high level of personal skill, which the conference aimed at by confronting designers and work analysts and those whose research is both analysis and design. They were asked to collaborate in small groups about analysis and solutions to a common design problem.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Activity Theory for Design From Checklist to Interview

From Checklist to Interview

Abstract

Cultural historical activity theory has shown much promise as a framework for Human Computer Interaction, particularly for analysing complex activity and its context. However, it provides little practical methodological support tbr user intert~ace designers. This paper presents an activity interview resource which can be used by interface designers when developing new tools to support creative activity. The new activity interview is based on the excellent foundation of the activity checklist, but resolves a number of its deficiencies. In particular it provides concrete questions to fuel an activity theory analysis, rather than the more abstract and less accessible checklist. We describe how we have dealt with these problems, and reflect on our experience applying the activity interview in the domain of computer mediated music production.

Matthew Duignan, James Noble, Robert Biddle

Visual Representation of Complex Information Structures in High Volume Manufacturing

Abstract

While research supports the use of graphic data representations in interfaces and control systems, work in this area has focused on relatively small systems with a limited nmnber of variables. This paper describes an approach to designing a visual application for a semiconductor manufacturing plant. This is a complex, large-scale system requiring a structured design methodology. First, using cognitive work analysis techniques an Abstraction Decomposition Space (ADS) of the system is generated. Second, as with ecological interface design, we demonstrate how this ADS can inform the display design. The complexity and scale of the system has required us to make adjustments to both of these frameworks. The resulting display req multiple views of the system, information hiding and user interaction. Tak wider set of analyses onboard, we present a design rationale supportin explicit representation of hierarchies, the compatibility of views and the u contextual navigation.

Connor Upton, Gavin Doherty

VIHO - Efficient IT Support in Home Care Services

Abstact

The main research objective tbr the VIHO project (Efficient Computer Support in Care for the Elderly) was to investigate how a home care and help service organization can be developed in order to be better prepared for future challenges, and how new technical systems could support the development process. We have studied the home help personnel’s need for support and investigated how the new organization could be formed in order to provide a healthy and sustainable work. Initial focus has been on the essential parts of the work and how the work could be improved in the future, and not on design of the technical support systems. Our basic point of view has been that correctly used, new technology can contribute, so that work and organisation develops in a positive way, patients are feeling secure and the personnel’s work environment is improved. This means that the organisation better can fulfil expectations and requirements. The professions can be strengthened and the organisation will be able to meet future challenges. In this report we briefly describe the results and the methods used in the project.

Niklas Johansson, Bengt Sandblad

Design of a Resource Allocation Planning System

Abstract

This paper proposes a generic human-computer software user interface design, called the Resource Allocation Planning System (RAPS), designed to support a person making resource allocation decisions. Although there are many algorithms for automatically solving resource allocation problems, it is often the case that human judgment is also required. Also, while there are software user interfaces to support decision-making for specific resource allocation problems, most of them serve more as organizational charts than as decision-support systems, and most of them become increasingly difficult to use as the size of the resource allocation problem increases. This paper discusses the design and rationale for RAPS and gives an example of how RAPS can be adapted to a specific resource allocation problem.

Kelly O’Hargan, Stephanie Guerlain

Embedding complementarity in HCI methods and techniques — designing for the “cultural other”

Abstract

Differences in cultural contexts constitute differences in cognition and research, which shows that different cultures may use different cognitive tools for perception and reasoning. The cultural embeddings are significant in relation to HCI, because the cultural context is also embedded in the methodological framework, the techniques and the tools that we apply. We lack a framework for discussing what and who we are, when we talk about a person as the user of an ICT system that has to be designed, developed and implemented. As a framework, we will suggest a theory of complementary positions that insists on solid accounts from all observer positions in relation to perspective, standpoint and focus. We need to develop complementary theories that embed complexity, and we need to reflect critically upon the forty years dominated by a rationalistic, empirical understanding of the user as illustrated in the literature and practice within the HCI paradigm in system development.

Nielsen Janni, Yssing C., Levinsen K., Clemmensen T., Ørngreen R., Nielsen Lene

Using Sketching to Aid the Collaborative Design of Information Visualisation Software - A Case Study

Abstract

We present results of a case study involving the design of Information Visualisation software to support work in the field of computational biology. The software supports research among scientists with very different technical backgrounds. In the study, the design process was enhanced through the use of sketching and design patterns. The results were that the use of sketching as an integral part of a collaborative design process aided creativity, communication, and collaboration. These findings show promise for use of sketching to augment other design methodologies for Information Visualisation.

Brock Craft, Paul Cairns

Linking requirements specification with interaction design and implementation

Abstract

One challenging goal in the context of Software Engineering (SE) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is to provide appropriate bridges between the most well-known software production methods and techniques. SE is supposed to be strong in specifying functional requirements, while HCI is centred on defining user interaction at the appropriate level of abstraction. In any case, general-perspective software production methods that combine most functional-oriented, conventional requirements specification with the most interaction-oriented, user interface modelling are strongly required. In this paper, we present a specific approach in this context, intended to properly combine a sound functional requirements specification with an abstract model of the user interface represented by a CTT model. When the functional specification is enriched with such an interaction model, it is easier to derive the final software implementation that will represent both the structure and behaviour of the system and the user interaction. The presented approach has been successfully implemented in a MDA-based approach called Oliva Nova Model Execution, demonstrating that Conceptual Modeling-based strategies are more powerful when user interaction and system behaviour are modelled within a unified view.

Sergio España, Inés Pederiva, José Ignacio Panach, Silvia Abrahão, Óscar Pastor

Human Motion Analysis in Treadle Pump Devices

Abstract

Poverty and hunger are common problems in developing countries where agriculture is seriously affected by lacking of irrigated land. The treadle pump is an effective low cost device, which combines higher water discharge rates with ease of operation. Improving the performance of the treadle pump, considering dimensional and structural requirements, manufacturing and maintenance aspects, cost reduction and ergonomics is the aim of the authors. A human centered approach is proposed to enhance the performance of these pumps, firstly because the user’s influence on the treadle pump’s design has not been completely analyzed so far and secondly because water discharge depends significantly on the user’s perforlnance. A parametric study was carried out. It was found that a comfortable pumping position requires feet angular positions between -10° and +10° and treadles must be large enough to allow different pumping positions and operator’s height. A new numerical approach is proposed for modeling the user’s movement.

C. Pereira, J. Malça, M. C. Gaspar, F. Ventura

Continuous Fitness at Home: Designing Exercise Equipment for the Daily Routine

Abstract

The main goal of this work is to design tailored fitness devices that allow performing simultaneously home routine tasks and physical exercise, increasing the amount of physical activity in the daily routine. Physical therapists and design engineers have studied the most usual chores, as well as different types of training, to develop innovative and versatile solutions.

M. C. Gaspar, F. Ventura, C. Pereira, C. M. Santos

Design Sketching for Space and Time

Abstract

In this paper we present a case study of how design sketching can be used as a technique for exploring and creating a common understanding between users, designers and software developers, of the representation design requirements for supporting spatial-temporal reasoning in Air Traffic Control (ATC). The safe and expeditious control of aircraft requires the ATC controller to think in terms of 3D air space, and also plan ahead in time. We refer to this mental process as spatial-temporal reasoning. ATC is a 4D (3D plus time) problem but is currently supported by 2D tools such as the Plan Position Indicator-type radar displays that are seen in ATC centres. This requires the air traffic controllers to construct mental models of the air traffic situation to ensure safe vertical and horizontal separations between moving aircraft, and also expedite traffic flow. These objectives require prediction of traffic patterns and potential bottlenecks. To explain how we used design sketching, we report on the Task Analysis of an exemplar ATC task, and the characterisation of this task in spatial-temporal terms, and how the Ecological Interface Design principle of visualisation of constraints was applied to guide the development of the 4D visual form of the representation design.

Simone Rozzi, William Wong, Paola Amaldi, Peter Woodward, Bob Fields

The Design Sketching Process

Abstract

Sketching the what-if situation provided insight into alternative design possibilities, and gave an idea of how the sketched design will work in the context at hand. Though software provided possibilities of creating a high fidelity executable prototype at a very fast pace, here sketches that were non- executable drawings of the envisioned system, are investigated. The sketches were used in various forms within the development team as well as in collaboration with external experts and users. Where issues of usability and technical requirements are often dealt with separately, this approach suggest simulation through drawings of the context of use and the different users’ needs. This turned the design sketching period into both an analysis and interaction design of the new envisioned work processes, as well as gave input to the future production process. The case study illustrating this design sketching process from rough drawings of conceptualisations and detailed storyboards of functionalities was the development of an e-learning platform tbr case-based learning.

Rikke Omgreen

Principles and Practice of Work Style Modeling: Sketching Design Tools

Abstract

In our research, we have been combining Work Style modeling with the well-established principles of Usage-Centered Design having the objective of designing and evaluating better design tools. Our approach distinguishes itself from the fact that it combines work style quantitative data (easily obtained through logging tools) with qualitative data that predicts a given tool’s level of acceptance. We describe a set of principles that were proven successful during this design process, illustrate sketches of the tools, and highlight the relevant design aspects that worked and those that didn’t work.

Pedro Campos, Nuno Jardim Nunes

A simple design for a complex work domain - the role of sketches in the design of a Bachelor study’s new folder structure for use by teachers, students and administrators

Abstract

In this paper we explore the role of design sketches in Interaction design and work analysis in a case of designing a simple folder structure for e- learning software used to do course administration at a higher education study programme. The case presents a detailed description of how developers use different work analyses to collectively reflect upon and interpret design sketches of possible support of different user groups’ interaction within their complex work, learning and life contexts. We conclude with what was learned from the case make recommendations how to conceptualize the process of reading design sketches using work analysis.

Torkil Clemmensen

Design as Dialogue — a New Design Framework

Abstract

In this paper, we examine some traditional ways of designing and we present some guidelines for a different perspective on design: design understood as a process of dialogue and explicit knowledge sharing. There is no standard definition of design it will vary according to perspective. Traditionally, the term design referred to industrial design. This argument is based on Walker (1989) consideration: “(As far as many scholars are concerned, design is industrial design.)” Industrial design concentrates on the product’s functionality and its appearance as an object. Design as dialogue requires an emphasis on the process of communication between multidisciplinary teams. We will provide a framework based on dialogue which will improve the process of design associated with the development of flexible design objects.

Arminda Lopes

Titel: Human Work Interaction Design: Designing for Human Work
herausgegeben von: Torkil Clemmensen
Pedro Campos
Rikke Orngreen
Annelise Mark Pejtersen
William Wong
Verlag: Springer US
Electronic ISBN: 978-0-387-36792-7
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-36790-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36792-7