Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Inventive Material Science Applications

The article deals with heap leaching of copper ores taken from the dump of the Kalmakyr mine. The depletion of the copper raw material base's reserves is focused on the Almalyk mining and metallurgical company's work. Despite the company also requires to find additional copper-containing geo-resources, the source of significant reserves of raw materials containing non-ferrous metals is the oxidized ores of Kalmakyr deposits dump. However, the processing of these ores with the traditional flotation method produces low-grade concentrates with low metal recovery (35–50%). Studies have found that the most promising direction of processing the ores is leaching. Simultaneously, as an object of physico-chemical technologies of great practical interest, it contains up to 0.04% mineralized copper water for performing natural leaching on overburden dumps.

In this research, we have introduced the step channel tunnel field-effect transistor (SCTFET) device used for the advancement in drain current and the diminishing of ambipolar conduction. The introduced device is based on hetero-dielectric engineering and work function engineering (WFE). Hetero-dielectric engineering (HDE) assists to improve electron tunneling which causes better drain current. Further, the work function engineering reduces the threshold voltage, SS, along with the IOFF, and improves the ION of the device. A detailed study on the SCTFET has been performed with the analysis of different DC and analog characteristics. The device has been simulated in the TCAD tool to study its efficiency.

Bilirubin is a yellowish product of heme degradation that is conjugated in liver and excreted in bile. It is imperative to administer bilirubin concentration in the human body as an increase in its concentration indicates abnormal functionality of liver or any underlying disease. Yellow discoloration of skin or jaundice is due to the build-up of bilirubin under the skin. Neonatal jaundice is very common, affecting nearly 60% of the newborn with implications affecting brain cells in severe cases; it can also lead to seizures and even death. While there are different methods like invasive and non-invasive for bilirubin detection, we focused on invasive methods as they are proven to give accurate results. Under them, we considered advanced biosensing methods over the conventional analytical methods as they incorporate both biosensors and biomaterials for the detection of an analyte. In today’s world, biomaterials are highly focused on research purposes due to their outstanding properties and advantages. There are many reviews focused extensively on biosensors or biomaterials used for various applications. In comparison, this review revolves around different biomaterials used with biosensors specifically to detect bilirubin as they offer rapid, sensitive, and effective results.

Energy harvesting is the technology which scavenges energy from the ambient sources of energy. Several researches are moving in the field of energy harvesting to get maximum output power from the ambient sources. This paper deals with the optimization on the dimensions of a piezoelectric energy harvester(PEH) which can work at low frequency using different piezoelectric materials. An analysis of a rectangular block-shaped geometry was done with its height and length varied to study the effect of length and height of the geometry with its natural frequency. Thus, the optimized geometry was used as a piezoelectric energy harvester by using a fixed constraint at one end. An electrical circuit with a resistor is connected to the PEH device, which measures the output voltage and current through the device. An optimized dimension of 100 mm $$\times $$ × 1 mm for the nanogenerator with PVDF material yielded a good performance including maximum current and voltage at low frequencies of 0–30 Hz. The study of perturbations was implemented on the optimized geometry of the piezoelectric material, which reduced its resonant frequency to 11.96 from 1373.05 Hz.Panicker, Swathy S. Sreenidhi, P. R.

To meet the expected future requirements, optical devices are required for ultrafast and ultrahigh bandwidth communication and computing. These optical devices are capable of overcoming the bottleneck imposed by the limited bandwidth of electronic circuits in the areas like data storage, computing, or telecommunication networks (Selvaraja and Sethi in Chapter 6: review on optical waveguides. IntechOpen, 2018). The optical waveguide is the basic element of any optical circuits. Waveguides permit the optical connection of different devices. Integrated optical waveguides with light confinement in size of the order of the wavelength are required to build integrated optical circuits that substitute micro-electronic circuits. There are several materials available for waveguide design. This paper is an overview of the various waveguide materials.

Carbon developed from biomass is employed in the electrochemical energy storage device. By the development of novel carbon-based substances, especially the cost-effective, abundantly available biomass and its nanocomposite electrodes have gathered significant interest in formulating energy storing devices. The electrochemical energy storage properties of biochar-based composites had been analyzed in the present work. Banana stem (BS), a naturally abundant agricultural waste material was used as raw material for the study. It was pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ for 12 h under nitrogen atmosphere. Biochar (BC) was then converted into a binary composite with manganese (BC-Mn) and then to a ternary composite with PANI (BC-Mn/PANI). The composite formation was confirmed by the electronic transitions at 296 and 396 nm. The prominent peaks in XRD at 2θ values 38.3°, 42.6°, 56.4°, and 65.6° and 20.8° confirmed the presence of γ-type MnO2 and PANI in the composite. SEM images clearly displayed compact granular spherical morphology. The average particle size for BC-Mn and BC-Mn/PANI found to be 21.43 nm and 10.10 nm respectively from TEM images. The charge transfer resistance of BC-Mn (17.5 Ω) was found to be greater than BC-Mn/PANI (10.3 Ω), make the PANI composite a promising electrode material, though derived from a biomass. The specific capacitance values for BC-Mn (138 Fg−1) and BC-Mn/PANI (241.5 Fg−1) composites further proved the potential of the material. To satisfy the high demand for energy density a new concept hybrid supercapacitor came into an existence. By this approach energy density and the capacitance can be increased. In this current period, a composite electrode material-based biomass proved to be more promising one and highlighted as an alternative electrode material. We can combine relatively cheap materials to attain high electrochemical performance.

Generally, the term wounds refer to the discontinuity in the skin. Wounds mainly occur due to minor accidents, surgery, skin infections, burns, and many other factors. Microbial pathogens such as Staphylococcus Aureus and Streptococcus sp. are commonly associated with infections. The main aim of proposed study is to provide an overview on wound healing using hydrogels made with natural plant extracts. Usage of natural plant extracts such as neem, tridax, and combination of neem and tridax for the synthesis of hydrogels. Hydrogels will create a moist environment in the wound site to remove exudates and clear infections by providing a smooth cooling effect. It is an ideal wound dressing method, which initiates the tissue regeneration process. The hydrogels are successful in the wound healing, when compared to other traditional methods.

In modern clinical dentistry, the success rate of implants depends on many biological and mechanical aspects, the main factor affecting it is osseointegration. The proper anchorage of the implant into the bone is extremely necessary to avoid implant failure. The stability of the implant is classified into two stages, the primary stability and the secondary stability. Measuring the primary stability before loading the implant is of the utmost importance. Owing to its non-invasiveness and reliability, resonance frequency analysis (RFA) has become one of the most commonly used techniques for implant stability measurement. The aim of the present study is to highlight or focus on current and emerging technologies for resonance frequency analysis-based devices to measure the implant stability. This paper provides a brief overview of the working principle, development, challenges and advantages of these different RFA technologies and existing commercial devices developed for stability measurement. The electromagnetic RFA is the most widely used. The vibro-acoustic method has showed potential to overcome the challenges faced by the electromagnetic technique, but it needs more clinical trials and in vitro experimentation.

Soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects on both the strong motions transmitted to structures and the structural response to these motions. In cities, buildings are arranged in clusters or groups. However, while designing a building it is assumed to be an isolated structure with fixed base for simpler calculations. The complexities of SSI effect increase many folds by considering neighbouring buildings. The seismic response of a building depends upon the soil–foundation–structure interaction and is effected significantly by the response of adjacent building. The building height, depth and size of foundation, soil properties, etc., affect the seismic response of a building group. Response of a single building is higher as compared to building cluster. However, not all buildings in the cluster are equally affected by the earthquake owing to the difference in position of building within the cluster and also due to the spacing between two adjacent buildings. This study investigated the impact of variation in placement of building in cluster and variation in spacing of buildings on the seismic response of structure by modelling the building and soil bed using finite element approach. It also analyses the time taken for damping of variation in building group in comparison to isolated single buildings.

Magnesium alloy containing aluminium is specifically utilized in aerospace and automobile industries to supply lightweight, excessive-strength materials. Aluminium, the essential strengthening element in Mg alloys, is normally added below its stable solubility limit of 12.5 wt%. By using addition of aluminium above this limit, alloy strengthening properties deteriorated, and the material starts to become brittle and relatively porous. Within the current study, binary systems of Mg–Al with Al-content above the solubility limit had been developed via the squeeze casting technique and tested for their microstructural, physical, and mechanical properties. Microstructural studies showed the distribution and amount of intermetallic phase β-Mg17Al12. The material analysis shows an growth in porosity and density of 6.15% and 1.98 in magnesium alloy containing 50 wt% Al.

In the article, the technology to protect fire-resistant materials of metallurgical melting furnaces against any destruction is considered. In work, it has offered previously targeting skull, or on a fire-resistant laying in the period of its bookmark to apply a copper grid and a tax on it as a positive charge obtained from an external direct-current power source. Simultaneously, positively charged ions of metals will make a start infusion, and further the complicated silicon-oxygen anion complexes will densely adjoin to a positively charged skull. They will not allow them to collapse due to the abrasive influence of burdening materials.

The nanostructured biomaterials find its importance in the field of tissue engineering especially tissue regeneration and repair. The materials are developed in concordance to work with tissues so that it can promote rejuvenation of affected or damaged tissues. Recently, available nano materials are found to possess several drawbacks which make it incompatible for practical applications. Nanotechnology provides a better platform to create a lot of important novel materials for tissue engineering applications. Predominantly, organic nanomaterials and inorganic nanomaterials are mostly preferred for tissue engineering, since it overcomes limitations that occur in other approaches. This article highlights synthesis and applications of nano biomaterials in hard and soft tissue engineering.

In the present study, the investigation of the effect of surface loads on the static deformation of multilayered orthotropic horizontal elastic slab has been done. The layers are assumed to be in welded contact. The plain strain problem of normal strip loading has been discussed. The objective of this paper is to study effect of surface loads on static deformation of an orthotropic multilayered horizontal slab by using matrices method. Process of layered matrices is used at any point of medium to obtain the displacements and stresses. Effect of uniform half space deformation and isotropic half space has been discussed numerically.

This paper reviews and surveys desiccant technology, which can be used in the optimization of the HVAC system for high indoor air quality. Also, it compares the electricity consumption of both the technologies. Additionally, it aims to demonstrate the capabilities of modern high-performance desiccants and to enhance the cooling efficiency of the system and to provide comfortable airspace for occupants in humid climates, and simultaneously reducing the electricity requirement. Liquid desiccant system and solid desiccant wheels are used for dehumidification and optimization of the HVAC system. Using dehumidification techniques, latent cooling offers significant energy savings, as well as good indoor air quality as the number of pollutants, are removed directly by co-adsorption. In humid climates, the desiccant system can prevent microbial growth which is essential nowadays. Thus, desiccant dehumidification is a suitable technology for advanced humidity control and can provide benefits over conventional cooling-based dehumidification.

The current research work focuses on the optimization of the process variables of abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) process on Nimonic C-263 alloy by using the Taguchi method. The design and experiments are conducted by Taguchi L-27 orthogonal array technique. The three process variables: water jet pressure (WJP), transverse speed (TS) and standoff distance (SOD) are considered at three different levels. The considered output responses are: Kerf Taper (KT), material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR). The surface morphology of machined surface is analyzed by using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to analyze the significant impact of each variable. From the analysis of all the responses, it is evident that all the responses are greatly influenced by transverse speed. The SEM images have revealed the micro-cuts and plastic deformation at various locations of the machined surface.

It is shown that the grinding of pyrite middlings from the beneficiation of porphyry copper ores, its flotation for the extraction of chalcopyrite and associated gold and silver, to obtain copper and iron concentrate, is economically acceptable in the conditions of JSC “Almalyk MMC.”

Maintenance plays a vital role in recent trending technologies used in industries. This paper focuses on the novel aspect of predictive maintenance using signal processing techniques. Mainly, data are collected from the rotating machines using vibrometer and obtained spectrums are analysed for the purpose of process control using Taguchi for optimization and signal processing techniques for defining clearly the severity level of vibration in a component. Maintenance means prevention of expected problem by monitoring in time for the machine run which includes keeping the machine running, logistics, improvement. Results show the improvement of condition monitoring activity indicates high frequency level which reflects positivity on profit and safety.

In recent years, phase change materials (PCMs) are widely employed to store energy in the way of latent heat and for subsequent use. It is suitable for applications like exhaust heat recovery, solar heating and temperature control of building spaces. The latent heat storage process is characterized by excellent energy storage density and constant storage temperature. But there exist certain issues with Latent energy storage devices which make the systems less efficient. Thus, there is need to improve thermal performance of such systems by various means. Addition of high thermally conductive materials to PCM, use of multiple PCMs and geometrical modifications are some of the available techniques for performance enhancement of such systems. The current review paper summarizes PCMs, performance improvement techniques for latent heat storage (LHS) system with special attention to extended surfaces and geometrical alterations. The insight presented here will form a guideline for appropriate choice of PCM and thermal transfer enhancement technique to cater particular application.

At present, solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is playing a major role in all hybrid and distribution power generation systems because of its advantages are less sustainability, and excess availability in nature. In this work, different types of solar PV cell topologies are designed and which are analyzed by using the MATLAB/Simulink window. The types of PV cell topologies are single-diode circuit PV cell, two-diode model PV cell, and three-diode model PV cell and its comparative study have been done in terms of peak power extraction, efficiency, and fill factor. In addition, the PV cell characteristics are analyzed at different atmospheric conditions.

In the recent trends, Zinc based composite materials are popular in most applications like automotive, aircraft, military and others. The main concern of the study is to prepare metal matrix composites [MMCs] wherein zinc and tin are used as matrix and B4C is added as reinforcement. Varying the quantities of like B4C 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% by weight are added and the specimens are prepared by two step stir casting method and machined as per ASTM standards. The samples are then subjected to microstructural tests like SEM, EDS and XRD examinations. The obtained results are compared with those of as-cast conditions. SEM micrograph reveals the uniform distribution of B4C particulates in the Zn–Tin matrix and is confirmed by EDS analysis. Further, XRD analysis confirmed the B4C phases on Zn–Tin matrix

Friction stir welding is a completely new technology for joining similar and different material combinations such as aluminum alloys, cast iron, copper, etc. and nonmetals such as thermoplastic polymers. The FSW (friction stir welding) process is mainly used in aerospace and automotive industries as it joins many thermoplastics without defects. In this paper, dissimilar thermoplastic materials (High density polyethylene and polypropylene) were friction stir butt welded, and some organic materials in the form of fibers (natural fibers or aramid) were added into the joint line during the welding process to make it a hybrid. By doing hybrid material we have more chances of improving the strength and toughness properties of the hybrid joint. As in the previous studies, only base or parent materials were friction stir welded without making hybrid material.

A comparative study is carried out to observe the effect of dispersing Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in two different host matrices of Polyvinylalcohol (PVA)—Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)—Polyvinylalcohol (PVA)—Carboymethyl Cellulose (CMC) on their structural, optical and electrical properties. The concentration of ZnO in the blend films was kept low. The XRD diffractogram of both the polymer nanocomposite films (PNCs) exhibited characteristic peaks of ZnO confirming the dispersion of nanoparticles in blended films. The SEM micrographs of these PNC films had shown uniform dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles in both matrices. The analysis of optical and electrical properties indicates appreciable modification in these properties on inclusion of small amount of ZnO in both the matrices. ZnO dispersed PVA–CMC film shows enhanced absorption in UV region with decreased band gap and higher σdc values as compared to ZnO dispersed PVA–PVP film suggesting PVA–CMC–ZnO film to be a promising material in the area of green electronics and optoelectronics.

The volatility of the price of commodities generates the need for copper mining to control costs and make production processes more efficient. In this context, it is not possible to have real control over the productive indicators if it does not know the logistics of the processes, or you do not have a clear idea of the impacts of the variables or operational parameters on the dependent variables or responses. The present work aims to describe the production process for the leaching of secondary copper sulphides by means of heap leaching. This study focused on the search for theoretical relationships that define the behavior of copper recovery and the derivation of an analytical model that explains the response, developing a model capable of assertively representing the reality of the extractive process.

The flotation of minerals is a multivariate physicochemical process that consists of applying the affinity of some mineral particles to the air, and also the affinity of other mineral particles for water, with the aim of obtaining a commercial product called concentrate, in addition to nonvaluable minerals called gangues. The flotation circuits, in charge of enriching the concentrate, generally consist of 3 stages, rougher, cleaner, and scavenger, which are made up of one or more cells, either in series or in parallel, depending on the architecture of the operational circuit. In this research, a local sensitivity analysis is developed for studying the behaviour of the stages that compose different flotation circuits. It is evaluated the concentrate grade quantifying the effect that circumstantial alteration has in the transfer rate of the concentration stages. The sensitivity analysis allows identify operation conditions that optimizing the concentrations offered by the flotation circuits. The results indicate that in simple circuits, the greatest impact on the concentration corresponds to rougher and cleaner cells, while in complex circuits (with additional cell banks), the sensitization of the rougher and cleaner cells, along with the early stages of the cleaner–scavenger cells have a greater impact on concentrate grade.

Due to the growth of the worldwide copper industry and the increase complexity of this process in front of feeding mineralogy and the cost structures, the generation of alternatives that improve efficiency of mining processes by studying his dynamics represents significant savings in capital costs, considering the situation facing the industry. Generate of models that represent the dynamic behavior of productive processes has the potential to contribute to understand the parameters that impact on the responses, identifying operating restrictions, distributions of the independent variables or the optimal levels of operation. This work proposes the development of regression models and ANNs models of the SAG milling process, studying the production in tons per hour, in function to 17 operational variables analyzed. The multiple regression model presents a good fit (77.45%), and the inclusion of the interactions and quadratic effects increases the coefficient of determination (89.2%), but, the neural network-based model is the one with the best fit (96.27%).

The polymer PMMA and PVdF-HFP blend polymer films have been prepared by solution casting technique. These blending polymer films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR and UV optical absorption techniques. The peaks of PMMA are disappeared gradually with blending of PVdF-HFP which is revealed by XRD where structure modified semicrystalline to amorphous phase. PMMA surface morphology reveals a rough surface. SEM micrographs of pure PVdF-HFP polymer film have a rough, granular, irregular surface with dark micro pores with lamellar distribution, confirming the semi-crystalline existence of the film. As PVdF-HFP is added to the PMMA polymer, the surface morphology changes severely, showing the development of surface morphology from rough to smooth which indicating modification of structure to amorphous nature. From FT-IR, it is observed that the bands in all blend films of PMMA and PVdF-HFP were broadened and shifted to higher wave number side and also observed that intensity of crystalline phase peaks reduces with increasing concentration of PVdF-HFP to PMMA polymer. İt indicating the fair formation of complex between the matrixes of PMMA and PVdF-HFP. The direct and indirect bandgap values were estimated using Tauc plots, and these values found to be changed when PMMA and PVdF-HFP blended when compared to pure PMMA and PVdF-HFP polymers.

Anti-ballistic fabrics find numerous technical applications in research areas of defense, firefighting aviation, aerospace, police, civil defense and other day-to-day applications. These fabrics basically provide protection against high impact causing objects like sharp knives, bullets, stones, etc. The design and selection of fabrics should be coupled with functional finishes which would provide protection and comfort for the wearer. The prime objective of this work is to evaluate and carry out a theoretical analysis on functional aspects of anti-ballistic fabrics and functional finishes. In this work, certain properties of Kevlar fabrics and shear thickening fluid are heated. The methodology involved consideration and understanding their technical aspects and its application methods used to make protective materials and functional finishes. The outcome shows that proper selection of functional materials, design, concept, testing the functionality parameters and application procedures play a vital role in making a successful anti-ballistic fabric. The application of shear thickening fluid increases the impact resistance values in anti-ballistic fabrics.

This paper investigates the effect of time-periodic temperature modulation on Rayleigh-Benard convection using rigid isothermal boundary conditions. The time-periodic temperature modulation has been considering in three different modes, out-of-phase (OPM), lower boundary (LBMO), and in-phase modulation (IPM). Heat transfer results are calculated in terms of the Nusselt and mean Nussult numbers through the finite amplitude of convection which is derived from the Ginzburg-Landau equation (GLE). The Ginzburg-Landau equation has been derived from the Fredholm solvability condition at third. The GLE is a function of the system parameters and solved numerically. The present study shows that heat transfer results are controlled effectively by out-of-phase and lower boundary modulations. The modulated amplitude of convection enhances heat transfer for low frequencies and diminishes for high frequencies. Further, it is found that rigid boundary conditions are diminishing heat transfer than free boundaries. Finally, it is concluded that heat transfer results are controlled by rigid isothermal boundary conditions and modulation.Kiran, Palle

Traditional methods of developing new materials, such as observational trial and error and density functional theory (DFT)-based methods, often take enormous time and energy and are constrained by laboratory environments and theoretical foundations. As a result, it is important to formulate a new approach for speeding the process of developing the new materials for the industrial needs. Discovering new material using data analysis techniques has recently received increased interest, with significant increases in prediction accuracy and also time efficiency. So, this paper proposes algorithms for predicting the aluminum composites using various data analysis techniques like linear regression, random forest regressor, K-nearest neighbor (KNN) and decision tree for the required mechanical properties like yield strength, tensile strength, density and thermal conductivity.

In this article, a fuzzy logic controller is developed for the proposed three-phase inverter system to extract the peak power of the solar panel-based generation system. Also, it is useful to maintain the constant grid voltage and frequency. The features of the two-leg three-phase inverter are fast controlling in action, wide-range input, and output operations. A slider controller functionally depended on a small signal model with a low-pass filter is connected to the coupled inductor boost converter (CIBC) to enhance the system dynamic response, infinite switching, and voltage gain at diverse solar irradiation conditions. An adaptive power point tracing controller is applied to the solar photovoltaic (PV)-fed boost converter system to track the peak power of the solar PV.

Temperature modulation effect on chaotic convection in a porous media saturated with couple stress fluid has been investigated. Three different profiles of thermal modulations, OPM (out of phase modulation), LBMO (lower boundary modulation), IPM (in phase modulation) have been investigated. The Darcy-Brinkman model has been employed for the porous media. The transition from stable mode to the unstable mode in terms of chaos analyzed with modulation and couple stress parameter. Lorenz system of equations Lorenz (Deterministic non-periodic flow in J Atmos Sci 20:130–142 1963 [1]) derived based on the critical Rayleigh number and initial conditions. For choosing the suitable thresholds of the modulation parameters, one can easily control the nonlinear nature of the solutions. It is observed that thermal modulation can be applied to control the system in three different profiles than gravity modulation. For fixed values of R near the threshold of convection, whilst adjusting suitable ranges of modulation parameters, and couple stress parameters, one can control the chaos. It is clearly found that thermal modulation with couple stress parameter the periodic and non-periodic solutions are controlled. The heat transfer analysis has been quantified with couple stress parameter and modulation.Manjula, S. H. Kiran, Palle

Metals are the basic need for any manufacturing industry and currently it plays an indispensable role in human lives. Humans need some improved quality metals and it is also attempted to enhance the properties and thus they found alloys. Further, to extend the study, composite materials, which shows better-desired properties when compared with the base materials are considered. This research work is a clear cut review on different ceramic reinforcement materials and the results of variation of reinforcement material and their proportion. After a detailed study, it has been found that with the increase in reinforcement, hardness and ultimate tensile strength of material increase with the decrease in percentage elongation of the material.

This research paper is based on reducing the particle size of submicron silicon by using low-cost size reduction method of ball milling (BM) and enhancing the electronic conductivity of finer silicon powder with the addition of nanographite platelets for anode materials synthesis for eventual use in batteries. Spray drying was employed for preparing silicon@C@graphite composites, using the ball-milled sub-micron silicon as precursor. Calcination of the spray-dried silicon-sucrose-graphite composites in inert atmosphere resulted in silicon@C@graphite powder with uniform consistency and morphology, as confirmed via particle size, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The electronic conductivity values show improvement from 10–7 S cm−1 for sub-microsilicon to 10–3 S cm−1 for the composite powder. Results are presented in the light of powder synthesis methods, structural phase, powder size and morphological analysis and electrical conductivity measurements.

Blended polymer electrolytes composed of (PMMA: PVDF-HFP) and Mg (ClO4)2 salt were prepared using the solution casting technique. The morphological, spectroscopic and structural changes were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterizations. SEM and XRD analysis reveal an increase in amorphous nature of (PMMA: PVDF-HFP) blended polymer with the incorporation of compatible concentration of Mg (ClO4)2 salt and a network of homogenous dark micro-pores initiates quick mobility of Mg-ions. Incorporation of various concentration ratios of (01wt, 02wt, 03wt) Mg (ClO4)2 salt, the diminished intensity of XRD peaks that provokes an increase in the amorphous phase of the polymer blend composition ratio (07:03) (PMMA: PVDF-HFP). But for excess concentration (04wt) of salt reduced amorphosity and the smooth texture slighty becomes crystalline due to aggregation of excess salt on the surface of the polymer. The FTIR absorption peaks showed a shift of band of various functional groups to higher wavenumber and disappear of certain peaks manifests due to chemical interaction, proper blending and complexation of polymer–salt electrolytes. Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of polymer electrolytes attained the highest ionic conductivity of 1.89 × 10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature for a compatible significant composition ratio of (07: 03: 03) (PMMA: PVDF-HFP: Mg(ClO4)2) polymer blend salt matrix and the results are corroborated with SEM, FTIR and XRD studies. Finally in this paper, it is observed that blending of two polymers and an appropriate optimum concentration of Mg (ClO4)2 salt to PMMA: PVDF-HFP blended polymer, reduced the crystallite size to a minimum value of 2.65672 × 10–9 nm which is the best compatibility to attain the highest ionic conductivity in solid polymer electrolytes.

Sewage sludge and wastewater from urban areas are usually filled with various forms of environmental/emerging contaminants which include personal care products (PPCPs) and pharmaceuticals, pesticides, manufactured nanomaterials, heavy metals, pathogens, surfactants and metalloids (Sarkar et al. in Industrial and municipal sludge: emerging concerns and scope for resource recovery. Elsevier, pp. 553–571, 2019, [1]). Newly located/discovered groups of chemicals found in groundwater or surface water are termed as contaminants of emerging concern or in other words emerging contaminants. Pharmaceutical chemicals are widely present in water and wastewater effluents (Stefanakis and Becker in A review of emerging contaminants in water: classification, sources, and potential risks, 2015, [2]). These pharmaceutical chemicals are traced commonly in natural wastewater bodies and sometimes even in drinking water, have high toxicity and are non-biodegradable substances (Kanakaraju et al. in J Environ Manage 1:189–207, 2018, [3]). It vividly leads to many health compromises, diseases and environmental risks which are drastic and not adaptable. The existence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in water bodies in recent years has led to a rapid expansion in the field of examining environmental contaminants existence (Daughton and Brooks in Environ Contam Biota Interpreting Tissue Concentrations 281–341, 2011, [4]). These pharmaceuticals have their own characteristics which cannot be altered by other chemical organic contaminants. Hence, they fall under a unique category of pollutants (Fatta-Kassinos et al. in Anal Bioanal Chem 399:251–275, 2011, [5]). These pharmaceuticals are very well tackled by the advanced oxidation process. Many processes are being adopted for removing pharmaceutical contaminants such as electrochemical oxidation, sonolysis, photo-Fenton, radiation and ozonation (Kanakaraju et al. in J Environ Manage 1:189–207, 2018, [3]). The study concentrates on modelling the removal of pharmaceutical contaminants using response surface methodology with the help of Minitab software.

Corrosion plays a very important role in the modern world, and there are many causes for the corrosion, in which welded joint is one of the cruiser parts, where the material undergoes corrosion. Current investigation focuses on the study of the corrosion behaviour of welded and unwelded zone in hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite. Aluminium 7075 alloy is known for its high strength and good corrosion resistance property; thus, it has a wide range of applications in building bridges, aerospace, industries, defence equipment, transport industries, railway transports and aircraft industries. An attempt is made to study the corrosion behaviour of hybrid composite aluminium alloy 7075 metal matrix prepared with fine greenish SiC of 7% along with chopped E-glass fibre and AA7075 of about 90% was produced by stir casting method with the help of graphite crucible furnace. Then the process was followed by (FSW) friction stir welding process for joining, where two hybrid MMC metals are joined with the help of a cylindrical tapered tool, with different welding parameters like transverse speed and tool spindle rotational speed of about 600, 900, 1200 rpm and feed rate is about 40, 80, 120 mm/min. Impetus gives normal force, effects of torque and the transverse force which is affecting the plate while welding. The corrosion is mainly contingent on environmental conditions, and thus the test followed by the specimen was placed in sodium chloride solution for 24 h, the flow of the election was determined between the standard electrons and sample metal piece concerning corrosion rate. The main objective is to study and evaluate the result compared with a hybrid MMC plate with aluminium 7075 base metal and weld zone. We observed that the corrosion resistance of welded composite material exhibits very high resistance to corrosion because of the uniform distribution of atoms and the compaction of atoms at the welding zone. When compared to base material welded zone exhibits a better corrosion resistance property and also changes in grain size and grain shape the effects of corrosion behaviour of a welded joint by FSW process when compared to aluminium 7075 base material.

In recent years, a significant research attention has been given for the protection of the environment with an increase in environmental pollution and a continuous increase in global warming. Due to these issues, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind energy and the latest technologies such as electric vehicles have received an increased research attention. The transport sector accounts for 18% of total energy consumption in India. In the last few years, the Indian Segment of Electric Vehicles has been increased. However, the growth rate has been slow; the support for policy was not enough to fully realize the potential of the electricity market. When compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, sales of EVs are still low. Electric vehicles have benefits such as environmental friendly, as they have the advantageous characteristics such as non-polluting, reducing dependency on conventional fuel, and low running cost. High price, charging infrastructure, and limited range are some of the major issues involved with electric vehicles. When renewable energy sources are not available, the development of new technologies in the EV sector creates an additional power source. Industry leaders believe that electric vehicles will be the best option for the Indian public to develop a sustainable future.

In this work, we have developed lead-free multi-layered epoxy polymer composites to effectively shield personnel and equipment against high energy γ-rays. Multi-layered shield, consisting of several layers of different materials, not only contributes to weight and cost reduction but also offers solution to inconsistent shielding performance. Compared to single layer of one type of shielding material, the probability of radiation absorption and scattering is higher in multi-layered configuration, thus enhancing shielding efficiency. However, there is a need to investigate the effect of stacking sequence and properties (dispersion of fillers, density of composites, etc.) of multi-layered materials on shielding performance. In view of this, several combinations of epoxy multi-layered composites containing micro and nano particles of both bismuth (III) oxide and tantalum (V) oxide were prepared to study the attenuation of γ-rays from 137Cs (662 keV) radioactive source. Attenuation experiments showed that the layered epoxy composites loaded with 30 wt% Bi2O3 nanoparticles alone showed around 30% γ-ray attenuation. 19-mm-thick multi-layered shield composed of two layers of n–Ta2O5/epoxy at the outer side, and two layers of n-Bi2O3/epoxy layer at the inner side were found to be as effective with almost same shielding efficiency. At around similar thickness, the epoxy composite containing n-Bi2O3/m-Bi2O3/n-Ta2O5/m-Ta2O5 layer-by-layer showed 28% attenuation, demonstrating the synergistic effect of combining micro and nano sized particles. Enhancement in attenuation on use of multi-layered structures could be attributed to the fact that epoxy composites containing different fillers of varying size will probably attenuate radiations more efficiently than those with one type of filler of a particular size. This work demonstrates that the multi-layered high-Z metal oxide-polymer composites may be as reliable as conventional lead-based materials in attenuating γ-rays.

A lot of focus has been laid on the studies of carbon-related materials (CRMs). Owing to self-lubricating properties, high strength, high density, high hardness, and good electrical conductivity, CRMs find a variety of applications. Recent studies have shown that the carbon-related materials have been successfully incorporated in the Al, Mg, Cu and their alloys. Also, they serve as additives in different lubricating oils in order to obtain the improved tribological properties. Further, their use as coating materials also resulted in the enhancement of wear resistant capability of different materials. The aim of this paper is to discuss the recent developments in related to CRMs in field of tribology.

Cobalt (Co) is a potentially critical mineral. Most of its extraction is associated with a by-product of other mineral species such as copper, nickel and manganese, where it is a fundamental piece for activities that have increased their development in recent times such as electromobility, industrial and military applications. The cobalt minerals of interest for industrial production are reduced and can be in the form of sulfates, carbonates, arsenates, sulfides, arsenides, selenides and oxides. Its processing is of a moderate cost, being the mixed processes (pyro-hydrometallurgical) the most used. In addition, it is important to mention that cobalt dissolves at a low oxidation potential and low pH, which facilitates its processing.

Metallic magnesium can be obtained from seawater, brines, minerals, in recycled scrap, and in alloys. It is the eighth most abundant element on the planet, using 2% of the earth’s crust, and it is the third most abundant element in the sea with approximate contents of 1.3% of magnesium, on the other hand, brines have around 0.3–1% magnesium. Also, it is considered the third most used structural metal after aluminum and iron. Regarding its extraction mechanisms, leaching is the most crucial stage for Mg extraction, the most common lixiviants being inorganic and organic acids and ammonium salts. The choice of the leaching agent depends on the raw material to be used. Organic acids are more selective in dissolving Mg, although with less dissolving power. While inorganic acids are more dissolving, they nevertheless generate greater corrosion of the equipment to be used.

IS 2062 steel is a low-carbon steel. It meets all the requirements of high-strength steel when it is hot rolled. Hence, it is one of the popular steels for structure and machining application in various industries worldwide. Despite excellent mechanical properties, high-speed machining of IS 2062 is still challenging for the manufactures to increase material removal rate, tool life and improved surface finish. In the present study, the challenges, solutions proposed by several researchers, cutting tool and coating manufacturers are presented during milling of IS 2062 steel. It is observed that the uncoated carbide tool is not suitable for high-speed machining due to its low hot hardness. However, prominent results are shown using AlTiN PVD-coated carbide tools during high-speed milling of IS 2062. CVD multilayer TiN/Al2O3/TiC-coated tool can also be a suitable option for high-speed milling. However, CVD process reported some ecological and environmental challenges. There is a need to investigate more on high-speed machining of IS 2062 steel using coated tools.

Lateritic ores are currently considered as the fundamental raw material for the extraction of Ni and Co through the Caron process. This directly affects the temperature control of the hearth 6 of reduction furnaces from the injection of the post-combustion air into the metallurgical process. To date, there is no consensus on the part of the researchers about the positive or negative effect that this variable generates in Ni and Co extractions; therefore, this research reports the results obtained by reducing a lateritic ore on a pilot plant scale, evaluating different temperature levels in the hearth 6, as the post-combustion air was fed. It was found that the injection of the post-combustion air in the reduction furnaces decreases the Ni extractions with respect to the Co extractions, the behavior is becoming more irregular by showing maximum and minimum values. The best result of the present study is obtained when working in an operational condition without the injection of post-combustion air with a temperature of 495 °C in hearth 6 of the reduction furnace.

At present, solar power is the major concern for the most industrial as well as domestic applications. The solar power is having the demerit of nonlinear output power generation. As a result, it gives less operating efficiency and high oscillated output voltage. Here, the perceptron-based feed forward neural network is used for generating the duty cycle of the high step-up boost converter and solving the nonlinear behavior of the solar PV. The attractive features of the neural network-based MPPT controller are easy design, less implementation complexity, and high accuracy. The boost converter is used in the PV-based dc-dc converter system to improve the voltage profile of input supply. The MATLAB/Simulink window is used for the analysis of neural network-based power point tracing controller.

Ever since the concept of high strength concrete has been first derived, supplementary cementitious materials have been an essential part of its production. The addition of such finer paricles in the cementitious matrix not only enhances its mechanical property, but also improves its pore structure, resulting in a more durable and sustainable matrix. In recent years, the effects of using a combination of two SCMs instead of a single SCM are being deeply studied considering the synergy between different SCMs. Higher cement replacement levels keeping in view of sustainability and reduced carbon footprint in concrete are possible only through the usage of combined SCMs. This paper reviews the influence of different SCMs such as fly ash, GGBS, silica fume and metakaolin on both the mechanical properties and durability properties of ternary blended high strength concrete. A comparative perspective is used to present the works studied from the collected literatures.

The naturally occurring polymer cellulose acetate with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as solvent was used as base agents to develop the electrolyte for a rechargeable lithium ion cell. The biopolymer electrolyte was developed and by the popular solution casting technique. Maximum elevated conductivity of this biopolymer electrolyte was recorded at 2.136 × 10–2 Scm-1 at room temperature for the concentration of 10:90 weight proportion of CA: LiCl. The cell has been constructed with a configuration of charcoal || 10 m% cellulose acetate/90 m% LiCl, and a maximum cell potential of 3.55 V has been accomplished. This affirms the applicability of the membrane as a feasible choice of electrolyte for solid-state lithium ion batteries.

The data are evolved from heterogeneous sources as structured, unstructured, and semi-structured in varied formats from various platforms and applications, extending data integration difficulty. Data heterogeneity in varied formats and representation leads to a standardization gap that has to be addressed on enabling common data representation. Semantic web technologies are used to address the gap of data interoperability by representing data in a machine-understandable format for knowledge inference defined as taxonomy, thesaurus, and ontology to infer knowledge. An end-to-end knowledge graph is proposed to integrate diverse data generated from heterogeneous data sources in this work. A brief view of the data integration process and NLP techniques are discussed to identify concepts from unstructured data inputs to the knowledge representation ontology. The concepts for knowledge modeling are described as a logistic domain for shipping processes. Logistic information is extracted for conceptualization and represented as taxonomy. Ontology is modeled for managing logistic shipping containers to infer knowledge of containers used in the logistic shipping process. The proposed knowledge base is evaluated with a specific use case to infer knowledge for cargo tracking in shipment processes.

Ordered intermetallic nanocrystals have demonstrated significantly higher electrocatalytic activity and stability in fuel cell reactions such as cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and anodic fuel oxidation reactions when compared to their counter disordered alloy nanocrystals. The improved electrocatalytic behavior may be attributed to definite structural, geometrical, and electronic structures. In this chapter, various Pt3M (M = early d-block metals, Ti, Nb, Zr, Ta, Y, etc.) intermetallic nanocrystals will be introduced, and their recent developments in synthesis, characterization, and electrocatalytic activity will be discussed. Pt3Ta intermetallic nanoparticles showed the highest activity in electrooxidation of ethanol by breaking C–C single bond, which was confirmed by in situ IR study. The activity of these materials can be improved further by reducing their sizes in the nanometer range. Finally, recent problems and future proposals are presented. As a result of this study, intermetallic nanoparticles will shed light on the future development of electrocatalysts for fuel cells.

Li-ion batteries are the dynamic energy storage device presently. Li-ion batteries have broadly explored an extensive variety of areas comprising electric, information technology, hybrid vehicles and aerospace. Nanostructure anode materials with superior reversible capacity and constant cycling life are vital for the great performance of Li-ion batteries. Consequently, various new anode materials have been projected as a substitution for graphite in modern years. Nanostructure electrodes have excellent properties including large surface area, small diffusion path and decent dimensional steadiness for Li-ion battery applications. Numerous categorizations of the anode resources including the insertion, alloy and conversion materials are demonstrated coherently. The utilization of the above materials in highly efficient Li-ion batteries for extensive energy storage applications is also emphasized. The current summary focused the latest research on the progress of nanostructured anode materials with impressive performance, excellent rates and excellent cycling perpetuity for the future-generation Li-ion batteries.

Aluminium oxide- and silicon carbide-alloyed MMC is an exceptionally helpful engineering MMC because of its high strength, structure, flexibility and great protection from wear. In this experimental study, the dry sliding wear pattern of hybrid aluminium composite is tested. An alloy of aluminium oxide, silicon carbide and cadmium sulphide along with other materials in a small percentage is used to strengthen the base aluminium (Al 1100); in order to prepare a basic or similar version of AA6061 T9 Al2O3/SiC/CdS, Mn composite metal matrix by using the stir casting process [ASM handbook in Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1990, Tikotkar et al. in Int J Mech Automob Eng 1:2009, 2008], various parameters of a pin-on-disc apparatus are discussed in detail and further few more tests related to structure will be carried out. This experimentation shows the effect of load on sliding speed. This type of hybrid is the base aluminium with CdS in nanoparticles that were never tested, and cadmium bears good lubrication properties, which will help in reducing wear on material, and it is useful in applications such as cams, gears and pistons and journal bearing a feature of self-lubrication or at least reduced wear to study the decrease in wear rate in the newly fabricated composite is indicated. Further, the results obtained are validated by conducting confirmation test and errors detected will be kept minimum, below 9%. Wear attributes of aluminium MMC under various operational test scenarios were observed on the test rig apparatus by considering various loads from 4 N to 70N simultaneously by considering the sliding speeds of 0.50 up to 10.00 m per second, where constant sliding of 20,000 m was taken. Wear was seen as basically abrasive followed by oxidative.

The condition of the substrate in biogas digesters is critical to biogas yield. Substrates used in most digesters are semi-solid and are prone to clogging which is a major cause of reduction of biogas yield and eventual stalling of biogas production process. Stirring in biogas digesters ensures the uniform distribution of the substrate in the biogas digester, formation of a homogeneous suspension, uniform heat distribution and easy gas lift from the fermentation substrate at high dry matter content. This study sought to investigate the effects of impeller speed and installation height on the mixing performance of different impellers. Pitched blade turbine and open flat blade were investigated in order to develop a suitable model of a stirrer. The appropriate velocity for the stirrer from the velocity profiles generated was also determined. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed for solid–liquid mixing in a cylindrical tank equipped with a top-entering impeller. The multiple reference frame (MRF) technique, k-model and Eulerian–Eulerian approach were employed to simulate the flow pattern in the digester. It was observed that the six pitched blade impeller provided better mixing results compared to the flat blade impellers as well as the four and two pitched blade impellers. The installation height of about 1/25 of the height of the tank was found to be appropriate to prevent dead space at the bottom of the mixer. Stirring speed of 25 rpm was compared with other stirring speeds and was found to provide better mixing as it provided good mixing quality as well as preservation of the biological environment in the digester.

Biocomposites are promising eco-friendly materials which could replace synthetic plastic in many application fields. However, hydrophilic nature and poor chemical resistance limit their usage. Analysis of their chemical resistance and weathering on exposure to various environmental conditions would be highly beneficial for their suitable modifications, novel developments and thereby commercial acceptability. In the present work, woven palm-cotton fibre-reinforced polystyrene biocomposite samples with different weight % of polystyrene are developed and taken for analysing chemical resistance, swelling behaviour and biodegradability. Chemical resistance test indicated that the composite materials are resistant to concentrated acids (HCl, HNO3), concentrated alkalis (50% NaOH, 50% KOH, 25% NH4OH), 2% K2Cr2O7 and 2% KMnO4. Swelling behaviour is measured by weight gain method using distilled water, sea water, methanol and carbon tetrachloride. The swelling increases with immersion time and maximum swelling occurred in distilled water. Biodegradability test was done by soil burial method and it revealed that woven palm-cotton fibre-reinforced/polystyrene biocomposites are biodegradable and biodegradability increases with increase in burial time and decreases with increase in polystyrene content. This study revealed that properties exhibited by woven palm-cotton fibre-reinforced/polystyrene biocomposites made with environmental threat causing dumped expanded polystyrene foam waste matrix is on par with other natural fibre-reinforced hybrid composite. Hence, the present study is expected to open up new potential applications for this material in various fields as well as scope for further research.

In this work, we designed and fabricated a thermoelement using nano-graphene composite, and its thermoelectric property was enhanced with higher ZT factor. A graphene composite material monolith was synthesized using solid state fabrication techniques and this was characterized for various thermophysical properties. A maximum ZT factor of 4.3 was achieved with 40 wt% graphene-PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) nanocomposite, which is higher than conventional vapor compression thermoelements. This would pave the way for more efficient Peltier devices and thermoelectric refrigerators.

Background: By reducing transistor volume, the CMOS design dimension was greatly reduced. Because of actual limitations such as short channel effect, impurity difference increased lithography expense, and an additional significant factor, heat, CMOS technology tend to reach the end of its schedule. According to a record that includes a detailed short-lived approaching technology, QCA is listed as the basic element in the bright future opportunities. Methodology: Due to its improved characteristics such as energy efficiency, large density, and fast execution, massive capacity technology (QCA) is being used to render it CMOS. QCA circuits are constructed with QCA cells and circuits with a plurality gate and inverter are implemented. Logic of majority plays an important role in QCA circuit design. Subtractor and adder are essential. Most of the information architecture processing components. The use of independent adder and subtractor hardware improves both the field requirements and the device delay. Generally speaking, a single hardware is used to subtract and add. One of the most basic operations of arithmetic logic is the addition and subtraction unit. The full adder is a fundamental component in the configuration of adder and multiplier circuits. Results: This proposed work presents a novel three-input XOR gate-based complete adder with two designs and a full subtractor for a single layer with fewer QCA cells. Concerning single plate, a stronger full adder and full subtractor in QCA technology are proposed.

Control parts of an automobile undergo relentless vibration during its motion; to counteract this behaviour of the control parts, it is recommended to select composite materials in the manufacturing process over other available types of materials because of its various advantages. In this scenario, natural fibres, viz. sisal, basalt, etc., could be utilized in manufacturing certain control parts of an automobile as these are biodegradable, economical and light in weight. In this study, woven basalt fibre–vinyl ester-reinforced composite plates are prepared to investigate the free vibration characteristics where basalt fibre is considered as a reinforcement and vinyl ester as a matrix (BFRP). These composite plates are prepared by compression moulding technique with different basalt fibre compositions of 60, 50 and 45%. The natural frequencies and mode shapes for these prepared laminates were determined using impact hammer test maintaining an aspect ratio of 0.83. The measurements were found by fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based spectrum analyser and it was observed that the natural frequency of the laminate increased with the rise in laminate thickness. The frequencies obtained with respect to mode shapes from ANSYS were in par with the experimental values.

Underwater weld repairs on aluminum alloy piping systems and/or installations would be a particular advantage. UWFSW trials were carried out on Al 6063 alloy using a milling machine. Tool rotational speeds rangs about 480–1800 rpm, with a speed of traverse of rpm. Various mechanistic measurements were utilized to explore the mechanical characteristics of welded joints, comprehensive disruptive tests (tensile test and hardness test). The outcome display that Al 6063 pipe can be welded using the UWFSW process with an utmost welding competence of 92.7% in terms of (UTS), while the speed of rotational is 1800 rpm, and the travels speed is 4 rpm.

The development and mechanical properties of polymer composites are achieved by using the nanoclay and rice husk powder fillers reinforced in epoxy matrices. The composites were prepared by keeping weight fraction of matrix as 80% and varying the wt% of the reinforcements by using the hand layup technique. The results revealed that 12 wt% of rice husk and 2.5, 5.0 & 7.5 wt% of nanosized nanoclay filler-reinforced composites yield better mechanical properties.

The monomer dispersed liquid crystal is relatively new class of functional materials which has a numerous role in the modern technology. This research work reports the effect of two different concentrations of monomer 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate with on liquid crystals of cholesteryl nonanoate. This monomer is selected due to its low volatile nature and reactivity of double bonds. The thermal behaviour of samples under investigations was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The liquid crystal shows a good miscibility with both concentrations of monomer which were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The proposed research investigation reveals new phase transitions along with the known phase transitions for this composite system. It was also observed that in the nematic order, the molecules tend to align perpendicular to the surface. This opens a new possibility of this material to be used for variety of new applications like photo-cured network and photopolymer etc.

The design of very large-scale integrated circuits passes through many critical stages and challenges the advanced technology of nanometer CMOS technology. The major problem included in the existing process is the leakage current and reliability issues. Penta-magnetic tunnel junction (Penta-MTJ) hybrid with CMOS technology has many advantages in the VLSI strategy such as higher performance and low leakage current. The methodology of the proposed work includes the increase in the storage capacity with optimized power and speed using transmission gate logic and decrease in area and power in combinational and sequential circuits. The structure of Penta-MTJ includes the design of transmission gates to increase the speed with the minimum number of gates to reduce the area and power consumption. By decreasing the number of transistors in transmission gate logic, the power consumption was reduced to 12 and 18%. To overcome the sensing reliability issue, high sensing margin is proposed in the design circuit. With a 43.9 and 10.7% increase in energy delay product (EDP), the proposed approach reduces energy demand while incurring low area overhead.

Considering the enormous pressure on global demand for fossil fuels and global warming caused by air pollution, fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) have a promising future ahead of them because of the advancement of fuel cell technology. Among different fuel cell types, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are the most advantageous due to their high energy and power density. Several studies are carried out, which validate that fuel cells with energy storage systems can produce enough power needed by FCHEVs. However, advanced energy management system (EMS) must be developed to maximize the performance of FCHEVs as well as the lifespan of power sources such as fuel cells and batteries. The goal of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of various EMSs for FCHEVs. This paper is expected to have a major impact on the development of EMS for FCHEVs as well as researchers involved in this field.

The primary aim of the synthetic neural network approach was to unravel the issues similarly that a person’s brain would. The artificial neural network system was extensively applied in geotechnical engineering. Geotechnical engineering properties of soil hold the solidity of engineering structures. The engineering properties of soils are much worried about the distortion and strength of bodies of soil. Engineering properties of soil which measure the engineering behavior of soils. This review paper presents a quick overview of artificial neural network (ANN) applications of engineering properties of soil, viz. optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, permeability, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compressive strength. The review suggests that ANN with different models can predict the engineering properties of soil accurately. The survey recommends that the ANNs had been exceptionally valuable in effectively interpreting inadequate input information. This study shall help the researchers those working in the area of applications of ANN on soil behavior.

Cerium and dysprosium co-doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized through a simple co-precipitation approach at low temperature. X-ray diffraction was used for the structure and purity analysis of the samples prepared. A hexagonal wurtzite structure was observed with no secondary peaks. The average crystallite size was about 35 nm. Morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy. A change in morphology from elongated nanorods to nanoflowers was observed as the concentration of dopants increased. The photocatalytic activities of the nanoparticles were examined by photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under UV irradiation. The experiment revealed a total degradation of the organic molecules indicated by the elimination of the dye color. The result showed that ZnO photocatalyst, co-doped with cerium and dysprosium (Zn0.90Ce0.05Dy0.05), exhibited much improved photocatalytic performance (98% degradation) in comparison with undoped ZnO. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of co-doped samples could be credited to increase in surface oxygen vacancies, improved absorption capacity, and delayed recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes owing to the creation of trap states in the bandgap of ZnO.

Present study aims to investigate the influence of process parameter, i.e., slice-height, infill-density and infill-design-pattern on flexural strength of Polylactic-acid-based 3D printed parts. Fused deposition modeling principle-based 3D printer is used to fabricate the parts. From the experimental result it can be clearly stated that all the three different parameters, such as slice-height, infill-density and infill pattern, show significant contribution toward stepup the flexural strength of the component fabricated by 3D printer. The optimal and significant levels of the different process parameters for maximizing the flexural strength of specimens are as follows: the layer thickness 0.2, infill density of 85% and triangular infill pattern. The infill percentage plays a very important role and it is the most influencing 3D printing parameter that most affects the flexural strength of FDM printed PLA specimens.

The paper presents a mathematical modeling of a plane electromagnetic wave acting on a functional materials’ biological object. By considering how electromagnetic fields can act and propagate inside a biological object. The biological object itself is represented as an ellipsoid with a multilayer structure. Here, it is assumed that, each of the layers of the cell is homogeneous; that is, it has a constant dielectric constant. In addition, the electromagnetic field gets penetrated from free space into the cytoplasm, that is, representable in a spherical coordinate system. As a result, a system of four linear algebraic equations is obtained for determining four unknown coefficients.

Traditional CMOS topologies are disseminate power as a piece of data. This dispersal of energy is considered as force scattering and assumes a vital part to the extent of a low force configuration. Now-a-days Reversible logics are used in advanced circuits. Configuration such as empowering better testing of flaws, permitting almost energy free calculation, heat dissemination and empowering better testing on flaws and permitting higher circuit densities depend on reversible logic. A 8-digit Reversible ALU is proposed in this paper. By using 1 bit ALUs, 8 bit ALU is planned. The snake unit and the control unit are the two significant units of a 1 cycle ALU. The Haghparast and Navi Gate (HNG) is utilized in snake unit and the control output gate (COG) is utilized in control unit. The main sector of this paper is that, when it is diverged with a variety of articles, this ALU configuration has decreased entryway tally and semiconductor tally.

Transportation plays an important role in any developing countries. Recently, different modes of transportation are used for traveling, carrying goods, exporting, and importing the goods by comparing with other modes of transportation roads play a key role. In this regard, special care and attention have to be maintained throughout the construction in order to withstand the maximum loads. Stabilization of soil with fly ash will increase the soil properties and by that subgrade and base course strength of the pavement structure will also increase, when compared to normal soil subgrade and base course layers. Test results have shown that the optimum content of fly ash mixed with soil has shown good results.