Introduction
Research on the Demand and Supply of Urban Parks’ Recreational Services
Materials and Methods
Study Sites
Mapping Tool for Urban Parks’ Multi-dimensional Structural Diversity
Dimension | Category | Element | KP | EB | CHU | MP | DP | LP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biotic features | Trees/forest aspects | Tree species diversity (>5 species/0.5 ha) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Solitary trees big/old | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Solitary trees small/young | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Group of trees | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Row of trees/tree-lined path | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Hedge (trimmed or untrimmed) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Shrub | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Natural-like, Dense-wooded area (trees, underbrush) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Ground vegetation | Diverse spontaneous vegetation (herbs, tree seedlings) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Diverse water edge (wetland plants) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Grassed areas/lawn extensive (meadow area) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Lawn intensive (open access) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Flowerbed | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Normalized value for: biotic features | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.84 | 0.55 | ||
Abiotic site conditions | Water elements | Water basin | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fountain | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||
Natural or near-natural lake/pond | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Flowing watercourse in the park | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
(Visual) dominant water element in neighborhood | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Good/direct access to water edge | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Topography | Attractive view | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Hill/knoll | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||
Slope | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Artificial surface lowering or elevation (“stairs”) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Normalized value for: abiotic conditions | 0.08 | 0.42 | 0.71 | 0.21 | 0.42 | 0.33 | ||
Infrastructure | Active recreation | Distinct bicycle path | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Designated sport or athletic fields (e.g., with goals for football) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Street or basketball court | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Table tennis table | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | ||
Large/diverse playground for kids (>5 elements) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Dog park | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | ||
Relaxation/amenities | Sitting features: Bench, seat wall | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Picnic table, shelter, pavilions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Historical, artistic, or educational landmark | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Animal compound/petting zoo | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Gastronomy | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Drinking fountain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
Public sanitation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||
Lighting (of main paths) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Normalized value for: infrastructure | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.27 | 0.65 | 0.75 | 0.63 |
Mapping and Evaluation of Structural Diversity
Questionnaire Surveys Assessing Visitors’ Activities and Demands
Observation Protocols
Results
Structural Park Diversity in Salzburg and Berlin
Berlin | Salzburg | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KP | EB | CHU | MP | DP | LP | |
Structural diversity | ||||||
Tree/forest elements | ± | − | ± | ± | +++ | − |
Ground vegetation | − | − | − | − | +++ | + |
Water elements | − | ± | +++ | − | ± | − |
Topography | −− | ± | ++ | − | ± | ± |
Active infrastr. | − | −− | − | + | +++ | ± |
Passive infrastr. | ± | ± | −− | + | ± | +++ |
Park characteristics | ||||||
Attractive wildlife | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.68 | 0.56 | 0.71 |
Attractive plants | 0.75 |
0.83
| 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.73 |
Naturalness | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
0.93
|
0.87
|
Beauty of landscape | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
0.76
| 0.75 |
Good view | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.54 | 0.59 |
Tranquility | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
0.79
|
0.79
|
Facilities for relaxation |
0.80
| 0.80 | 0.88 |
0.88
| 0.70 | 0.68 |
Facilities for sport and play | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 0.58 | 0.72 |
Access |
0.87
|
0.86
|
0.82
|
0.90
|
0.76
|
0.76
|
Proximity to water | 0.69 |
0.86
|
0.86
| 0.64 | n.a. | n.a. |
Shaded areas |
0.85
| 0.77 |
0.80
|
0.86
| n.a. | n.a. |
Activities (%) | ||||||
Active/sport | 6.82 | 2.04 | 10.42 | 4.00 |
75.00
| 47.00 |
Passive/relax |
93.18
|
97.96
|
89.58
|
96.00
| 25.00 |
53.00
|