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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

23. Surface Flame Spread

verfasst von : Yuji Hasemi

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

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Abstract

Surface flame spread is a process of a moving flame in the vicinity of a pyrolyzing region on the surface of a solid or liquid that acts as a fuel source. It is distinct from flame propagation in a premixed fuel and oxygen system in that the surface spread of flame occurs as a result of the heating of the surface due to the direct or remote heating by the flame generated from the burning surface. The surface flame spread is very often critical to the destiny of fires in natural and built environments. This spread applies whether the fire is an urban conflagration or is the first growth after ignition of a room’s draperies. This chapter provides fire safety engineers with an overview of surface flame spread during the growth of a fire and the modeling of different modes of flame spread to improve understanding of their effects on the outcomes of fires.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Electrical Fires

Nächstes Kapitel Smoke Characterization and Damage Potentials

Nomenclature

\( {k}_f{\dot{Q}}_{\ell}^{{\prime\prime} } \)

flame spread acceleration factor (= (a − 1) − t_ig^*/t_b)

specific heat of solid

c g

specific heat of gas

c p

specific heat of air

fuel thickness

δ fc

characteristic preheat distance

characteristic length of the burning area (height, etc.)

Damköhler number

distance from the pyrolysis front

ΔH

heat of combustion

ΔH ox

ΔH/r

gravitational acceleration

\( {x}_f/{\dot{Q}}_{\ell}^{*n} \)

k′

constant \( {\left({\mathrm{k}}^{3/2}/{c}_p{T}_o{g}^{1/2}\right)}^{2/3}{\dot{Q}}_{\ell}^{2/3} \)

\( {x}_f/{\dot{Q}}_{\ell } \)

k g

gas thermal conductivity

heat of gasification

viscosity

q″

heat flux due to gas-phase conduction

q f ″

flame heat flux

q fc ″

characteristic flame heat flux

\( {\dot{Q}}_{\ell } \)

heat release rate per unit width

\( {\dot{Q}}_{\ell}^{*} \)

dimensionless heat release rate per unit width

\( {\dot{Q}}_{\ell e}^{*} \)

effective heat release rate per unit width

stoichiometric mass ratio oxygen/fuel

density

impulse response function

opposed-flow preheat factor (numerator in n)

surface tension

time

t b

time to local burnout

t c

characteristic decay time of pyrolysis

t ig *

characteristic time to ignition

time

T f

flame temperature

T ig

ignition temperature

T o

initial surface temperature

T r

reference temperature

T s

surface temperature

T ∞

ambient temperature

V g

gas velocity

V p

flame spread velocity

x f

flame length

x p

pyrolysis front length

x po

pilot flame length

x poff

maximum pyrolysis front length

Y ox,∞

mass fraction of oxygen

x, y

coordinates

Superscripts

per unit time

′

per unit length

″

per unit area

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Titel: Surface Flame Spread
verfasst von: Yuji Hasemi
Verlag: Springer New York
Buch: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_23

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