nach oben

2020 | Buch

Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Sustainable Civil Engineering Practices

Select Proceedings of ICSCEP 2019

herausgegeben von: Dr. Varinder S. Kanwar, Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Über dieses Buch

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Civil Engineering Practices (ICSCEP 2019). It covers several important aspects of sustainable civil engineering practices dealing with effective waste and material management, natural resources, industrial products, energy, food, transportation and shelter, while conserving and protecting the environmental quality and the natural resource base essential for future development. The book also discusses engineering solutions to sustainable development and green design issues. Special emphasis is given on qualitative guidelines for generation, treatment, handling, transport, disposal and recycling of wastes. The book is intended as a practice-oriented reference guide for researchers and practitioners, and will be useful for all working in sustainable civil engineering related fields.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Use of Waste Foundry Sand in Precast Concrete Paver Blocks—A Study with Belgaum Foundry Industry

Abstract

The current study was undertaken at CHRIST (Deemed to be University) in Bangalore to investigate the potential of using waste sand from Belgaum foundries as fine aggregate in the production of precast concrete paver blocks. Concrete paver blocks were manufactured as per the recommendations of IS 15658:2006. M-35 grade of concrete with block thickness of 60 mm was considered as the design parameter. Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) and ground-Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) were replaced for manufactured sand and cement, respectively. WFS replacement rates were 15, 30, and 45% by weight of the manufactured sand, and that of GGBS was 30% constant by weight of cement. Obligatory performance tests were conducted as per Indian standards, which included compressive strength, water absorption, and abrasion resistance. Accordingly, paver blocks with 45% WFS showed satisfactory results and can be considered into non-traffic to light-traffic category, which finds application in places like building and monument premises, paths and patios, landscapes, public gardens, and parks. Cost comparison of conventional paver blocks with WFS paver blocks showed approximately 4.8% reduction in the cost of paver blocks containing 45% WFS.

H. K. Thejas, Nabil Hossiney

An Experimental Study on Utilisation of Red Mud and Iron Ore Tailings in Production of Stabilised Blocks

Abstract

Construction of bricks using waste materials is one among the many ways to address the problems encountered in infrastructure. In the present study, various industrial and mining wastes have been used to manufacture stable bricks. These wastes include red mud (RM) from Hindalco, and iron ore tailings (IOT) from BMM Ispat, Bellary. Both RM and IOT were combined in different proportions with ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and waste lime. In first series, IOT was replaced in the range of 45% to 60% with increments of 5%, and RM was replaced in the range of 15% to 30% with increments of 5%. In the second series, RM was replaced in the range of 45% to 60% with increments of 5%, and IOT was replaced in the range of 15% to 30% with increments of 5%. Tests were performed as per the Indian and ASTM standards on both the raw material and the developed composites. These tests include liquid, plastic limit, particle size, XRF, XRD, and SEM on raw materials, while tests performed on composites were compressive strength, water absorption, efflorescence, porosity, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density. Results of the study indicate that addition of IOT up to 55% is acceptable as brick material.

M. Beulah, K. Sarath Chandra, Mothi Krishna Mohan, I. Clifford Dean, G. Gayathri

Theoretical and Experimental Assessment of Gravel Loss on Unsealed Roads in Australia

Abstract

Gravel loss is one of the major issues on unsealed roads which attract large annual maintenance. The continual process of gravel loss makes roads environmentally unsustainable. The unsealed road management faces several challenges which are: inaccuracies in behavior prediction, numerous data gathering requirements and exposure in the level of service and maintenance practices. To address these issues, the modified gravel is used on the unsealed road network in Australia. A case study is conducted to assess the gravel loss of unsealed roads. To monitor gravel loss on good quality, gravel monitoring stations are installed. Geographical information system (GIS) is used for finalizing the gravel monitoring station locations. Roughometer is used for surface assessment longitudinally. Roughness will be measured over two years at an interval of every three months. This paper discusses the gravel loss monitoring approaches, data analyses and improved material specification for gravel.

Vasantsingh Pardeshi, Sanjay Nimbalkar, Hadi Khabbaz

Experimental Investigation on the Tensile Strength Behaviour of Coconut Fibre-Reinforced Cement Concrete in Fiji and Pacific Region

Abstract

Cement concrete is relatively brittle and its tensile strength is typically only about one-tenths of its compressive strength. It is becoming increasingly popular in various applications to reinforce the concrete with small, randomly distributed fibres. The main purpose is not only to increase the energy absorption capacity, called the toughness of the material, but also to increase the tensile and flexural strength of concrete. This experimental analysis is being carried out to investigate the effects of fibre quantity on tensile strength on coconut fibre-reinforced concrete. Coconut (coir) fibre-reinforced cement concrete with different fibre contents was reviewed together with plain cement concrete and a comparative analysis was made. Tensile strength was investigated for plain concrete mix and coconut fibre-reinforced concrete. The results obtained have been analysed critically and discussed for the practical applications. The results conclude that the addition of 1–4% of coconut fibres increases the tensile strength of plain cement concrete significantly. The fibres also formed a good bonding in the concrete. It can be deduced that the optimum fibre content for enhanced concrete strength is 3% by weight of cement.

Samuela Loaloa Vukicea, Swetha Thammadi, Sateesh Pisini, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Influence of Flat-Shaped Aggregates in Granular Skeleton on Its Compactness

Abstract

This paper introduces a study of the compactness properties of granular skeleton depending on the quantity of flat-shaped aggregate. To achieve our goal, we took two granular classes 06/10 and 10/20 from Lilikopé quarry, then we made the determination of the percentages of the flat shapes by the manual method, vernier caliper. The method used for compactness is the method number 61 of LCPC (Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussé de la France/Central Laboratory of Bridges and Roads of France). The determination of the compactness considering granular skeletons is composed of: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of flat-shaped aggregates. A program that highlights the influence of aggregates shapes in a granular skeleton on compactness will bring out later more perspectives for the use of flat aggregates. The objective is often to combine the grains to minimize the porosity in order to minimize the use of a binder. They require the knowledge of some basic data on the optimization of this parameter in addition to other factors.

Koroudji Kamba Ayatou, Irina Pachoukova, Bhartesh Raj, Vikram Kumar

Sustainable Design of Slopes Under Earthquake Conditions

Abstract

The consideration of sustainability is very important for the stability assessment of geotechnical structures, including the slopes subjected to the seismic loads. Most seismic stability analyses of the slopes are performed to evaluate the factor of safety by following the conventional deterministic methods where the horizontal earthquake loadings are applied as inertia force to the centre of gravity of sliding mass of the slope. In the past, limited importance has been given to the effect of vertical seismic loading, although it may affect greatly the factor of safety as well as the performance of the slope.

Pragyan Pradatta Sahoo, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Effect of Geosynthetic Reinforcement on Strength Behaviour of Subgrade-Aggregate Composite System

Abstract

Geosynthetics have been the most important innovation in the field of geotechnical engineering. This paper presents the results of laboratory California bearing ratio (CBR) tests that were carried out on unreinforced and reinforced soil–aggregate composite systems. The soil used in these tests is locally available soil which is classified as silty sand (SM) as per the Indian Soil Classification System. The improvement in the strength of subgrade-aggregate composite system was determined through the tests conducted in the standard CBR mould in terms of CBR value. Unreinforced soil–aggregate composite system is prepared by compacting the soil layer in the mould, and placing the aggregates layer above the soil, where the soil represents the existing subgrade and aggregate layers, represents the base course material of an unpaved road. In reinforced soil–aggregate composite system, the reinforcing layer is inserted at the interface of the soil and aggregate layers. The geosynthetics used in the study as reinforcing layers are geotextile, geogrid and geomat. Some more tests were conducted on reinforced soil–aggregate composite system with double layers of reinforcement such that the first reinforcing layer was placed at the interface of the soil and aggregate layers and another reinforcing layer was placed at the middle half of the compacted aggregate layer. Unreinforced and reinforced soil–aggregate composite systems were subjected to standard penetrating load while performing the tests, and the performance of reinforced soil–aggregate composite system was compared with that of the unreinforced systems. The effect of type of reinforcement on the load–penetration curve and the relative performance of various types of geosynthetics have also been investigated.

Meenakshi Singh, Ashutosh Trivedi, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Semi-active Control Strategy for Horizontal Dynamic Loading on Wall Retaining Granular Fills

Abstract

Dynamic control of smart structures has drawn significant attention in the past decades. Estimation of stress–strain response is essential to access safety and serviceability of smart structure by introducing the sensors and actuators under dynamic loading. The self-actuating and self-diagnostic properties of sensors and actuators control the vibration functions of smart structure. This paper evaluates semi-active control strategy for retaining wall with horizontal dynamic loading. The stress–strain response of retaining wall-PZT system consists of retaining wall interfaced with a PZT patch between the wall and granular backfill have been analyzed. The variation of stress–strain response with modulus ratio of retaining wall and PZT patch is presented graphically. A model is presented to examine the effect of retaining wall-PZT system on vibration induced in retaining structure due to horizontal dynamic loading compared with vertical loading condition.

Nisha Kumari, Ashutosh Trivedi

Utilization of Polymers in Improving Durability Characteristics of Open-Graded Friction Course Layer: A Review

Abstract

Open-graded friction course is a pavement layer laid as a surface course over the dense bituminous macadam layer in flexible pavements. This layer is characterized by a uniform gradation of aggregates, lesser quantity of fines and filler material and higher binder content as compared to conventional hot mix asphalt mixes. The structure of layer thus obtained has large percentage of air voids. The most important benefit lies in upgraded surface drainage as a result of its open-graded structure. The present study intends to give a censorious review of the various problems associated with open-graded friction course and the remedial measures that have been taken in order to tackle these problems in the past. In addition to this, the study also intends to confer some alternative solution to improve the service life of the OGFC pavement which is beneficial to the environment as well as helps in reducing the cost incurred in making an effort to improve the issues of durability and draindown.

Sakshi Sharma, Tripta Kumari Goyal

Laboratory Study on the Effect of Plastic Waste Additive on Shear Strength of Marginal Soil

Abstract

The shear strength of marginal soils can be enhanced by means of stabilization methods using various additives or waste materials. Among various waste materials, plastic bottles and carry bags are tremendously used and thrown away as a waste material onto the ground, which being non-biodegradable material pollutes the environment. Therefore, for an eco-friendly and sustainable environment, there is a dire need for proper use of plastic waste as an admixture in various engineering applications. In this paper, investigation has been carried out to enhance the engineering characteristics of Campus soil by randomly mixing with the plastic strips/chip of different aspect ratios and proportions (0.25, 0.75, 1 and 1.5%) by weight of dry soil. A series of laboratory tests consisting of compaction, CBR and shear strength tests were conducted on composite samples. The test results showed that the addition of 1% plastic waste material with aspect ratio of 3 enhanced the shear strength and California bearing ratio (CBR) of the Campus soil. It was also concluded that base course thickness of a road pavement can be significantly reduced if plastic waste strips are used as soil stabilizing agent for sub-grade material for flexible pavements in highway sub-base construction.

B. A. Mir

An Overview of Utilization of E-waste Plastic in Road Construction

Abstract

Recent advancements in science and technology have produced uncontrolled electronic waste (E-waste) into the developing world. Illegitimate E-waste exports into India by developed countries have played key role in aggravating this problem. E-waste disposal is directly related to environmental deterioration. The countries which are on road to development see it as an issue of major concern. Therefore, there is a need to explore new innovative disposal techniques that are economically feasible and capable enough to deal with such huge rate of E-waste generation. The latest effort in this direction is about incorporation of E-waste plastic in pavement construction. Polymer obtained from discarded E-waste can be effectively used to enhance pavement durability and performance. The present study highlights overall E-waste management and recycling issues followed by a censorious review of various benefits and methods of using E-waste plastic as construction material. Utilization of E-waste plastic in road construction is an economical way to tackle environmental degradation, human health exploitation as well as in reducing the undue pressure on natural construction materials.

Abhitesh Sachdeva, Umesh Sharma

Signal Coordination in Transportation Engineering by Using Microsimulation Tool

Abstract

The growing advancement in the features of microsimulation models has encouraged their use in transportation engineering and planning. Traffic simulation models are a practical approach to analyse traffic operations. Traffic simulation models allow visualizing the existing or future traffic conditions and test strategies that would be difficult or impossible in roadway conditions. They also used to evaluate corridor improvement measures. The main objective of this study is to make improvements in the study corridor such that traffic congestion is relieved. The study aims to evaluate the present traffic conditions in the study corridor by using the microsimulation tool VISSIM. Data collection was done in the planning area which was used as input for the software. The corridor was first evaluated based on the present traffic conditions. After proper calibration, by considering average travel time as the calibrating parameter, the corridor was evaluated again by coordinating the signals along the corridor. Three different signal plans were done for signal coordination. The evaluation was done in terms of queue length, travel time and delay at intersections. All the three signal plans showed better results as compared to the present field condition.

N. T. Imran, M. I. Nayyer

Rehabilitation of Breached Earth Dam Using GeoComposite—A Case Study

Abstract

The 32.80 m high homogeneous earth dam at Gararda in Rajasthan, across the Dungari Nallah, was completed in 2010 and was breached during the first filling of its reservoir. The post-breach soil investigation carried out on existing unbreached portion of earth dam predicted large variation in in situ bulk density and permeability values of soil fill. Thus, rehabilitation measures were suggested in the entire length of dam. In view of investigation and analysis carried out based on field and laboratory tests results, the existing dam section was modified by cutting downstream slope in 2.25 (H): 1 (V) from the top left edge to introduce a downstream filter with geotextile. In Gararda dam, unexposed geocomposite (geotextile + HDPE geomembrane + geotextile) has been used in upstream slope of dam as seepage barrier. This study illustrates various investigations and analysis procedure used in the rehabilitation of Gararda earth dam. The FEM simulation shows that modified dam section is safe under all flow conditions prescribed in the IS code. Results from current case study and from monitoring of instruments in the dam shall lead to growth in confidence of practicing engineers in sustainable applications of geosynthetics in dams.

Randhir Kumar Choudhary

Improvement of Subgrade Characteristics with Inclusion of Geotextiles

Abstract

An experimental program has been undertaken to study the effect of geotextile as a tensional material used for subgrade reinforcement. The standard laboratory California bearing ratio (CBR) test under both soaked and unsoaked conditions was conducted on the unreinforced soils as well as reinforced ones with geotextile layer(s). Two different types of subgrade soil, sandy and clayey soil having soaked CBR value of 19.6 and 1.7%, respectively, and two types of geotextiles were used in this study. The geotextile reinforcements were placed in samples in seven different cases. The effects of geotextile reinforcement on the bearing capacity of soil which is taken in terms of CBR value were investigated. The results show an increase in CBR value for most of the cases due to placing the geotextile layer(s). Geotextile reinforcement is found to be most effective in the case of weak soil, i.e. clayey soil. It was also observed that woven geotextile performed better than nonwoven geotextile in all the cases.

Madhu Sudan Negi, S. K. Singh

The Contribution of Bottom Ash Toward Filler Effect with Respect to Mortar

Abstract

The most widely used construction material is concrete. Concrete requires a large number of ingredients. Now the time has been changed, which inspire researchers to encourage alternative materials for replacing traditional concrete-making materials. Even though the mortar makes up as minor as 7–8% of the total volume of a masonry wall and in mortar volume, the content of fine aggregate is about 85%. The sources of natural sand are depleting very fast; hence, some alternative materials have to be identified to make replacement of natural sand. One such material which can be used as replacement of natural sand for making mortar is identified as bottom ash. The present work addresses the use of bottom ash as sand in making cement mortar. Five different grades are considered for this study with different proportions of cement–bottom ash or natural sand ranging from 1:2 to 1:8. The effect of incorporating bottom ash as fine aggregates on mortar properties at different replacement level was assessed. The obtained compressive strength of altered grades of mortar is higher than that of specified as per IS 1905–1987; it shows addictive features of bottom ash to develop sustainable mortar future.

Lomesh S. Mahajan, S. R. Bhagat

Comparative Study Between Weighted Overlay and Fuzzy Logic Models for Landslide Vulnerability Mapping—A Case Study of Rampur Tehsil, Himachal Pradesh

Abstract

The present research paper is an attempt to assess the vulnerability of Rampur Tehsil to landslides using weighted overlay and fuzzy logic methods. Causative factors such as land use, land cover, slope, geology, soil, and geomorphology have been used to assess landslide vulnerability. Survey of India Toposheets, Geological Survey of India Maps, ASTER GDEM, and LANDSAT 8 OLI/TIRS sensors are used as data sources. The causative factors were analyzed and processed in GIS environment. Fuzzy logic and weighted overlay method have been used to categorize the vulnerability zones of the study area. The weightages were assigned based on fuzzy logic rule of for macroscale landslide mapping and weighted overlay scale ranging from 1 to 5 for very low vulnerability to very high vulnerability. From the results, it can be interpreted that most of the study areas come under very high vulnerability class. The fuzzy values for each class vary from 0.6 to 0.8 for high vulnerability and from 0.81 to 0.96 for very high vulnerability class. About 57% of the area comes under very high vulnerability class, and rest 47% accounts for high vulnerability class. When it comes to weighted overlay model, nearly 80.24% and 13.68% of the area fall and under high and moderately vulnerable category. The rest minor quantities fall under very high and low categories.

C. Prakasam, R. Aravinth, Varinder S. Kanwar, B. Nagarajan

Effect of Cell Height and Infill Density on the Performance of Geocell-Reinforced Beds of Brahmaputra River Sand

Abstract

Geocells, which are three-dimensional interconnected cells, are laid over foundation bases to provide lateral confinement to the infill material and thus improve the load-bearing capacity of the bases. Some experimental and mathematical studies have been reported in the literature in this regard. In this research, a laboratory experimental program was undertaken to study the improvement of bearing capacity of geocell-reinforced granular bases made from Brahmaputra river sand. In a laboratory model test, a steel tank was filled with Brahmaputra river sand, reinforced with geocell of different heights (made from woven geotextile), and progressively loaded to record the load versus settlement response. The infill density of sand was also varied to evaluate the effect on performance of geocell-reinforced sand beds. A square steel plate placed on the geocell-reinforced sand bed was incrementally loaded till failure to quantify the positive effects of geocell height and density of infill soil on the resultant bearing capacity. Enhancement of bearing capacity of geocell-reinforced sand bed with the increase in geocell height and density of infill material was evident from the test results. The bearing capacity of the geocell-reinforced bed, as compared to an unreinforced bed, is found to be increased by 1.8–4.3 times for normalized height of 0.33–1, having infill soil relative density of 70%, and 4.3–8.6 times for normalized height of 0.33–1, having infill soil relative density of 90%. The test results also show that significant reduction of settlement is achieved by the use of geocell reinforcement.

Chirajyoti Doley, Utpal Kumar Das, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

A Study on Subsurface Drainage of Mountain Roads in Bhutan

Abstract

There are many problems associated with hill roads in Bhutan. Since most roads are constructed through steep terrains, there are significant problems related to the slope stability and drainage system. The slope stability problem is massively localized and may not be easily avoided. On the other hand, the drainage problem which affects the larger portion of road stretches than any other factor might be reduced through proper construction of drainage systems itself. In the light of these facts, an attempt is made in this paper to recognize the sources of drainage problems and proposes a design of an economically viable subsurface drain for hill roads in Bhutan. It also presents the discharge calculation of a watershed for the design of roadside drainage system and discusses about determination of the rainfall intensity in Bhutan in order to understand the influence of rainfall on the stability of roads located on mountain hills, and mitigations measures methods are adopted to prevent amount of rainfall run-off reaching towards the roads.

Dorji Tshering, Leki Dorji, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Comparison of Modules for Water Distribution System Design—A Case Study of Ramapuram Chennai Tamil Nadu

Abstract

The water supply and distribution planning is an important aspect of urban planning and development of it and also very important for livelihood. The key goal is to supply a uniform water supply from the first point to the end user with constant pressure and quantity. The increasing urbanization demands to design an efficient and broaden the existing network to fill the gaps between supply and consumer demand. Ramapuram is a growing part of the city whose water distribution system is being renewed with a ductile iron pipe. The water supply design was done with the help of Loop Software with 2018 as the base year. The pressure in the network nodes is identified to be lower than the standard requirement. Current work discusses the simulation performed by using the WaterGEMS tool for the existing system of Ramapuram Zone 1. The design of the distribution system varies with many factors such as topography, population, water, and demand. The water distribution system is designed using Loop 4.0 and WaterGEMS software. WaterGEMS is a hydraulic modeling module that uses the discharge, headloss, and velocity parameters for the design and analysis of water distribution network. The research focuses on identifying the pipe connections with an inadequate water supply and design it with adequate supply pressure. The results show that the water pressure is uniform and feasible at all junctions, the flow parameters to supply uniform water supply in the study area.

C. Prakasam, R. Saravanan

Environmental Flow—A Mitigation Measure for Impact of Hydropower Projects

Abstract

Hydropower is considered a standout among the most economical and nonpolluting sources of energy. One of the principal sources of water for agribusiness and livelihood is the dam. To tap the hydropower potential, water is extricated from the dam at a more prominent level, time and again to meet the maximum capacity. Water is excessively misused because of some unavoidable situations because of which, the water which is important for the agricultural reason for existing usage is not adequate; thus, the agricultural sector suffers. The potential impacts of this would be decreased in agricultural efficiency and loss of agrarian land. The present research explores the impact of hydropower project upon agriculture with the help of GIS techniques to understand the impact of spatially and temporally. The vegetation index calculation and the land use land cover study that helps in understanding the impacts of a hydropower project in the study area for the land use change spatially and temporally. Following the impact assessment, mitigation measures were provided to cope up the agricultural practices in the study area.

C. Prakasam, R. Saravanan

RBI Grade 81 Commercial Chemical Stabilizer for Sustainable Highway Construction

Abstract

Weak soils cannot be used in subgrade course of pavements and need to be stabilized, for which different commercial chemical stabilizers are available that claim their superiority over traditional stabilizers like lime and cement. RBI Grade 81 is one such patented soil stabilizer, and this paper aims to review the geotechnical and geo-environmental properties of RBI Grade 81 stabilized soils for use in the construction of sustainable highways. Regarding the stabilized soils, strength parameters (unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio and Brazilian tensile strength), compaction parameters (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density), consolidation parameters (void ratio and compression index), fatigue life, plasticity, durability, chemical composition, mineralogical composition and surface morphology through scanning electron microscopy were reviewed. The effects of the dosage of the stabilizer, curing period and time of elapse were also reviewed along with its efficiency to stabilize soils of different plasticity. The toxicity characteristics of the stabilized soils were reviewed to evaluate the potential damage to the groundwater through leaching of heavy metals. Gaps in the literature were identified that limit the application of the soil stabilizer and are therefore required to be studied in the future.

Gaurav Gupta, Hemant Sood, Pardeep Kumar Gupta

Evaluation of Moisture Susceptibility of HMA Modified with Waste Sludge

Abstract

Damage caused by the moisture induction is one of the major causes of distress in hot mix asphalt (HMA), which affects the durability of asphalt pavement. Due to the presence of water, the bond between binder and aggregate becomes weak, resulting in stripping of the pavement. To reduce the probability of failure due to moisture, anti-stripping additives are added into the HMA mixtures. The present study investigates the use of waste lime sludge as an additive in HMA to assess the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures. The performance of HMA was evaluated by performing the retained Marshall stability ratio test, indirect tensile strength test and tensile strength ratio test. It was found that the lime sludge acts as an anti-stripping agent. The results indicate that the addition of lime sludge in the HMA effectively increases the resistance of these mixtures against the damage caused by moisture.

Abhishek Kanoungo, Varinder S. Kanwar, Sanjay Kumar Shukla

Titel: Sustainable Civil Engineering Practices
herausgegeben von: Dr. Varinder S. Kanwar
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Shukla
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN: 978-981-15-3677-9
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-3676-2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3677-9