Introduction
Materials and Methods
Field Experiment
-
0.1% solution of the Asahi SL biostimulator (contains natural nitropherols found in plants: ortho-nitropherol, sodium para-nitropherol, sodium 5‑nitroguaiacol)—four foliar applications
-
1.0% solution of Bio-Algeen S-90 (extract from Ascophyllum nodosum brown seaweed, contains amino acids, vitamins, alginic acid and macronutrients: N—0.2, P2O5—0.06, K2O—0.96, CaO—3.1, MgO—2.1 g kg−1, and micronutrients: B—16.0, Fe—6.3, Cu—0.2, Mn—0.6, Zn—1.0 mg kg−1, and Mo, Se, Co)—four foliar applications,
-
0.2% solution of Kelpak SL (extract from Ecklonia maxima brown algae, contains 11 mg dm−3 auxins and 0.031 mg dm−3 cytokines)—coating seed potatoes and twice foliar applications,
-
Trifender WP (contains Trichoderma asperellum fungal spores at a concentration of 5 × 108/g of the product, T1 isolate, NCAIM 68/2006)—applied to soil and four foliar applications.
Results and Discussion
Severity of Late Blight and Early Blight
10 days | Temperature [ºC] | Rainfall [mm] | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 1981–2010 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 1981–2010 | ||
May | 1 | 14.7 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 13.5 | 6.5 | 5.4 | 7.0 | 58.5 |
2 | 15.8 | 13.0 | 12.6 | 20.5 | 17.9 | 16.7 | |||
3 | 13.8 | 17.0 | 12.0 | 27.5 | 9.4 | 6.0 | |||
x/∑ |
14.8
|
13.0
|
11.8
|
54.5
|
32.7
|
29.7
| |||
June | 1 | 16.3 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 16.1 | 26.4 | 20.7 | 0.2 | 80.4 |
2 | 18.2 | 14.1 | 15.5 | 0 | 10.6 | 8.8 | |||
3 | 18.1 | 13.5 | 15.0 | 34.8 | 19.5 | 20.5 | |||
x/∑ |
17.5
|
14.4
|
15.5
|
61.2
|
50.8
|
29.5
| |||
July | 1 | 18.2 | 19.4 | 19.5 | 18.7 | 16.9 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 74.2 |
2 | 16.6 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 100.9 | 16.8 | 19.0 | |||
3 | 19.1 | 22.5 | 16.6 | 4.1 | 12.4 | 54.6 | |||
x/∑ |
18.0
|
20.4
|
17.5
|
121.9
|
37.3
|
81.9
| |||
August | 1 | 20.3 | 21.3 | 21.5 | 17.9 | 23.1 | 65.4 | 3.2 | 59.4 |
2 | 17.0 | 16.7 | 20.1 | 12.6 | 10.8 | 0 | |||
3 | 15.0 | 13.7 | 18.0 | 1.9 | 9.9 | 11.1 | |||
x/∑ |
17.4
|
17.1
|
19.8
|
37.6
|
86.1
|
14.3
| |||
x/∑ |
16.9
|
16.2
|
16.2
|
16.6
|
275.2
|
206.9
|
155.4
|
272.5
|
Treatment | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | |
Control | 34.2ef
| 30.3fgh
| 44.1ab
| 42.2abc
| 23.2j
| 42.4a–d
| 45.6a–d
| 40.1a–d
| 41.2a–d
| 40.2a–d
| 33.7a–d
| 29.6a–e
| 36.0a
| 32.0a–e
| 18.7g
|
Asahi | 30.3fgh
| 30.0fgh
| 39.6bcd
| 45.5a
| 23.8ij
| 39.3bcd
| 42.7a–d
| 36.9cd
| 41.9a–d
| 44.4a–d
| 29.2b–e
| 26.5ef
| 32.9a–e
| 30.8a–e
| 19.1g
|
Bio-Al. | 31.3fg
| 25.4hij
| 38.3cde
| 42.2abc
| 23.2j
| 41.6a–d
| 41.3a–d
| 50.1abc
| 49.4abc
| 46.2a–d
| 29.7a–e
| 28.5c–f
| 35.3ab
| 32.5a–e
| 18.4g
|
Kelp. | 28.1ghi
| 29.3fgh
| 36.9de
| 41.5a–d
| 21.6j
| 37.8cd
| 38.2cd
| 49.9abc
| 54.8ab
| 44.8a–d
| 31.8a–e
| 27.8def
| 34.7abc
| 32.3a–e
| 19.4g
|
Trif. | 29.7fgh
| 28.4ghi
| 39.2cd
| 36.8de
| 26.2hij
| 35.6cd
| 37.9cd
| 31.2d
| 39.0bcd
| 56.1a
| 30.1a–e
| 28.2c–f
| 32.8a–e
| 30.0a–e
| 22.5fg
|
Treatment | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | |
Control | 19.5ab
| 13.8cd
| 19.4ab
| 17.6abc
| 6.2e
| 12.6abc
| 12.1a–d
| 9.8b–f
| 9.2def
| 8.2ef
| 29.9a
| 21.0b
| 18.7bc
| 17.6b–e
| 12.8e
|
Asahi | 20.1ab
| 18.2abc
| 19.2a
| 17.3abc
| 9.3e
| 12.9ab
| 13.0ab
| 9.6c–f
| 9.5c–f
| 9.1def
| 22.7b
| 20.2b
| 17.3b–e
| 17.5b–e
| 13.1de
|
Bio-Al. | 31.7a
| 17.3abc
| 18.3abc
| 17.1abc
| 9.3e
| 11.8a–d
| 14.0a
| 10.1b–f
| 10.2b–e
| 9.3c–f
| 19.1bc
| 19.6b
| 18.4bcd
| 19.1bc
| 13.5de
|
Kelp. | 19.8ab
| 16.9abc
| 15.3bc
| 18.1abc
| 8.8e
| 9.7b–f
| 12.1a–d
| 10.1b–f
| 11.7a–d
| 9.5c–f
| 22.2b
| 19.1bc
| 18.2bcd
| 17.6b–e
| 13.4de
|
Trif. | 19.1ab
| 17.6abc
| 19.0ab
| 17.1abc
| 9.3e
| 12.9ab
| 14.4a
| 9.0def
| 10.0b–f
| 6.8f
| 20.9b
| 19.6b
| 17.7b–e
| 17.3b–e
| 14.1cde
|
Yield and Size of Potato Tubers
Treat | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | |
Control | 400.41b
| 384.36b
| 190.53def
| 85.61f
| 190.99def
| 202.10b
| 209.63b
| 62.72c
| 82.60c
| 56.30c
| 215.06abc
| 246.17ab
| 126.67e–h
| 125.31e-h
| 161.11de
|
Asahi | 405.14b
| 427.37b
| 168.49def
| 89.54f
| 226.43c–f
| 236.91ab
| 213.76b
| 61.11c
| 62.71c
| 66.67c
| 226.92abc
| 259.39a
| 119.13e–h
| 110.99fgh
| 148.15efg
|
Bio-Al. | 444.86b
| 441.15b
| 201.65c–f
| 99.65f
| 286.16c
| 252.96ab
| 226.30ab
| 72.72c
| 61.73c
| 50.00c
| 197.65cd
| 234.57abc
| 103.58gh
| 96.29h
| 151.36ef
|
Kelp. | 524.67a
| 427.68b
| 190.12def
| 108.30ef
| 216.13c–f
| 263.33ab
| 233.58ab
| 66.79c
| 98.89c
| 47.77c
| 212.35bc
| 252.47ab
| 126.54e–h
| 97.90h
| 154.07ef
|
Trif. | 445.68b
| 373.25b
| 212.76c–f
| 83.88f
| 264.64cd
| 258.76ab
| 292.22a
| 65.18c
| 102.72c
| 51.85c
| 212.10bc
| 250.49ab
| 124.81e–h
| 130.25e-h
| 148.15efg
|
Treat | Yield structure | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | Irga | Satina | Valfi | Blaue | HB Red | ||
Control | >50 | 32.7o–t
| 21.9t–z
| 3.1z
| 0z
| 0.5z
| 21.8p–w
| 28.9h–s
| 0w
| 0.6vw
| 0w
| 19.5q–w
| 27.8l–s
| 1.0z
| 1.3z
| 0.1z
|
35–50 | 49.6hij
| 52.1g–j
| 55.8e–i
| 13.8yz
| 21.1u–z
| 60.0b–e
| 45.7d–m
| 54.7b–e
| 52.4c–g
| 23.3m–v
| 27.3l–t
| 33.4j–o
| 23.5o–u
| 21.7p-v
| 5.1yz
| |
<35 | 17.7w-z
| 26.0r-y
| 41.1j-
p
| 86.2a
| 78.4ab
| 18.2r–w
| 25.4j–s
| 45.3d-
n
| 47.0d-k
| 76.7ab
| 53.2g
| 38.8ijk
| 75.5ef
| 77.0def
| 94.8a
| |
Asahi | >50 | 32.1p-u
| 28.2q-x
| 2.7z
| 0z
| 0z
| 22.8n-w
| 19.3q-w
| 2.2t-w
| 0.9vw
| 0.7vw
| 24.7n-t
| 30.8j-
p
| 1.9z
| 0.7z
| 0.1z
|
35-50 | 50.8hij
| 48.4h-k
| 62.3c-g
| 32.7o-t
| 21.7t-z
| 61.8a-d
| 56.8b-e
| 44.7d-o
| 43.5d-
p
| 24.5k-t
| 27.6l-t
| 33.5j-o
| 17.0t-x
| 17.4s-x
| 5.9yz
| |
<35 | 17.1xyz
| 23.4s-z
| 35.0m-r
| 67.3cd
| 78.3ab
| 15.4r-w
| 23.9l-u
| 53.1c-f
| 55.6b-e
| 74.8abc
| 47.7ghi
| 35.7j-m
| 81.1b-e
| 81.9b-e
| 94.0a
| |
Bio-Al. | >50 | 37.3l-r
| 31.1p-u
| 6.2z
| 0z
| 0.3z
| 28.9h-s
| 20.7q-w
| 0.8vw
| 0.6vw
| 0w
| 19.7q-w
| 28.1l-r
| 1.7z
| 1.0z
| 0.3z
|
35-50 | 49.4h-k
| 47.1h-l
| 63.6c-f
| 45.4i-m
| 33.7n-s
| 54.8b-e
| 52.8c-f
| 41.8d-q
| 53.0c-f
| 25.7i-s
| 26.1m-t
| 33.0j-o
| 19.8q-w
| 13.5u-y
| 10.7w-z
| |
<35 | 13.3yz
| 21.8t-z
| 30.2p-v
| 54.6e–i–
| 66.0cd
| 16.3r-w
| 26.5i-s
| 57.4b–e
| 46.4d–l
| 74.3abc
| 54.2g
| 38.9ijk
| 78.5def
| 85.5a–d
| 89.0abc
| |
Kelp. | >50 | 38.4k–q
| 28.4q–x
| 2.6z
| 0z
| 0z
| 25.4j–s
| 20.1q–w
| 0.8vw
| 0.5vw
| 0w
| 24.8n–t
| 32.5j–o
| 4.6yz
| 0.8z
| 0.4z
|
35–50 | 44.8i–
n
| 52.1g–j
| 53.6f–i
| 36.6l–r
| 30.7p–v
| 60.2b–e
| 52.9c–f
| 55.1b–e
| 54.8b–e
| 18.8r–w
| 34.1j–o
| 37.9jkl
| 24.7n–t
| 13.0v–y
| 6.7yz
| |
<35 | 16.8xyz
| 19.5v–z
| 43.8i–o
| 63.4c–f
| 69.3bc
| 14.4s–w
| 27.0i–s
| 44.1d–
p
| 44.7d–o
| 81.2a
| 41.1hij
| 29.6k–q
| 70.7f
| 86.2a–d
| 92.9a
| |
Trif. | >50 | 34.6m–s
| 28.9q–w
| 0.8z
| 0z
| 0.3z
| 30.3g–s
| 30.4f–s
| 1.3vw
| 1.7uvw
| 0w
| 21.5p–v
| 35.1j–
n
| 2.7z
| 1.0z
| 0.4z
|
35–50 | 51.7g–j
| 50.3hij
| 57.6d–h
| 35.2m–r
| 26.5r–y
| 54.1cde
| 47.4d–j
| 48.2d–i
| 47.3d–j
| 37.8e–r
| 30.0k–q
| 34.2j–o
| 23.4o–u
| 18.3r–x
| 8.8xyz
| |
<35 | 13.7yz
| 20.8u–z
| 41.6i–o
| 64.8cde
| 73.2bc
| 15.6r–w
| 22.2o–w
| 50.5d–h
| 51.0d–h
| 62.2a–d
| 48.5gh
| 30.7j–
p
| 73.9ef
| 80.7cde
| 90.8ab
| |
Mean |
>50
|
35.0
E
|
27.7
F
|
3.1
I
|
0
I
|
0.2
I
|
25.8
D
|
23.9
DE
|
1.0
F
|
0.8
F
|
0.1
F
|
22.1
G
|
30.9
EF
|
2.3
J
|
1.0
J
|
0.3
J
|
35–50
|
49.3
D
|
50.0
D
|
58.6
C
|
32.7
E
|
26.7
F
|
58.2
B
|
51.1
BC
|
48.9
C
|
50.2
BC
|
26.0
B
|
29.0
F
|
34.4
E
|
21.7
G
|
16.8
H
|
7.4
I
| |
<35
|
15.7
H
|
22.3
G
|
38.3
E
|
67.3
B
|
73.1
A
|
16.0
E
|
25.0
D
|
50.1
BC
|
48.9
C
|
73.8
A
|
48.9
D
|
34.7
E
|
76.0
C
|
82.2
B
|
92.3
A
|