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Erschienen in:
ICT for Sustainability: An Emerging Research Field Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Energy Efficiency Benefits and the Economic Imperative of ICT-Enabled Systems

verfasst von : John A. Skip Laitner

Erschienen in: ICT Innovations for Sustainability

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The global economy is not particularly energy-efficient. At current levels of consumption, we now waste about 86 % of the energy now used to maintain economic activity. This magnitude of waste imposes huge costs that constrain the robustness of the world economy. At the same time, however, there is an array of untapped cost-effective energy efficiency resources that can restore both energy and economic efficiency. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) may be the key to unlocking that potential.

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Vorheriges Kapitel ICT for Sustainability: An Emerging Research Field
Nächstes Kapitel Actors for Innovation in Green IT
Fußnoten
1
The mentioned examples of energy expenditures are derived from several calculations by the author.
 
2
Laitner [2] builds on an updates work published by Ayres and War [3].
 
3
The 11 countries are Australia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Estimated energy use is calculated on the basis of how much energy would have been required to deliver the actual levels of activity reported each year for all sub-sectors had 1974 levels of energy use per unit of output persisted. “Other” includes biofuels plus heat from geothermal, solar, co-generation and district heating. Co-generation refers to the combined production of heat and power.
 
4
As a further insight, the 830 exabytes will be up significantly from 523 exabytes recorded in 2012, and heading for 1,448 exabytes or 1.4 zettabytes by 2017. That will translate into an average annual compound growth rate of 23 % over the period 2012–2017 [18].
 
5
An update on the state of research in Internet energy intensity is provided in two later chapters of this book [20, 21].
 
6
The calculations in this paragraph exclude televisions and related equipment as among the ICT-related technologies.
 
7
The emphasis here and elsewhere is on net energy savings. That is to say, the studies cited here reflect both the energy necessary to build, operate and maintain ICT-related technologies as well as the energy displaced by the use of those technologies.
 
8
Related to the social media and networking mechanism is the role of consumer feedback. In a 2010 detailed review of 57 multi-continent studies over a 30-year period, Ehrhardt-Martinez et al. [26] showed that feedback initiatives—including real-time Web-based or in-home feedback devices and enhanced billing approaches–reduced individual household electricity consumption an average 4–12 %. Huber and Hilty [27] provide a brief overview of eco-feedback systems and related approaches in their chapter about gamification in this volume.
 
9
Following are examples of three important market failures and suggested remedies: (1) step-change technology development in which there may be many uncertainties about appropriate technologies, as well as both market, and policy risks. Temporary incentives might be used to encourage companies to deploy new technologies at sufficient scale in ways that benefit the public good. Other remedies might include energy efficiency resource standards, energy or fuel performance standards and low-carbon fuel standards. (2) Fragmented supply chains—where economically rational investments (for example, energy efficiency in buildings) are not executed because of the complex supply chain. Examples of remedies are building codes or incentives for performance upgrades. (3) Consumer behavior where individuals have demonstrated high discount rates for investments in energy efficiency. Examples of remedies are vehicle and appliance efficiency standards and rebate programs [29].
 
10
Gossart [37] provides an overview of the literature on rebound effects in an ICT context later in this volume.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Energy Efficiency Benefits and the Economic Imperative of ICT-Enabled Systems
verfasst von
John A. Skip Laitner
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
ICT Innovations for Sustainability

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-09227-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-09228-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09228-7_2

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