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2. The Euro-Atlantic Security System in the 1990s

verfasst von : Ryszard Zięba

Erschienen in: The Euro-Atlantic Security System in the 21st Century

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter gives a description and the background for the Euro-Atlantic security system as it emerged after the Cold War and its functioning for about a decade. It shows the genesis of the system; and how it came to include the new Central European democracies, which were admitted to NATO and the European Union; and the cooperation of all the system’s members based on the concept of cooperative security. The evolution of the Euro-Atlantic security system in the nineties produced an asymmetry of security—greater in its western part and weaker in its eastern one. Russia was the weaker partner and agreed to cooperate with the West, but raised reservations about the expansion of its multilateral structures, especially NATO, in which it saw a potentially threatening political and military bloc with a Cold War pedigree.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction

Nächstes Kapitel Changing Challenges and Threats for Euro-Atlantic Security in the 21st Century

See, for example Ullman (1991), pp. 3–22, Hyde-Price (1991), pp. 67–88, Dean (1994), pp. 3–21.

Fukuyama (1991/1992), pp. 14–16.

Morgan and Howard Campbell (1991), Russett (1993), Muravchik (1992), Layne (1994), Spiro (1994), Owen (1994), Ullman (1990), Wiśniewski (2015).

On the subject of the dispute between neoliberals and neorealists, see Baldwin (1993).

Ullman (1991), p. XI. Compare similar thesis Van Evera (1990/1991).

Goldgeier and McFaul (1992).

Compare Szulc (1996), pp. 58–61, Schöpflin (1994).

Dahrendorf (1990).

Jowitt (1992), Schmitter and Karl (1992), Kaldor and Vejvoda (1997).

See Nodia (1992), Blank (1994).

Compare Andor (1996).

See Mansfield and Snyder (1995).

Taylor (1994).

For more on the subject of the army in Russia, see Umbach (1996), Romer (1992).

Nelson (1993), pp. 162–163.

For more, see Socor (1991).

Russia later referred to those commitments as it opposed NATO enlargement to the east and to the deployment of elements of America’s missile shield on the territory of new NATO member states in Central Europe.

See Stolarczyk (1995), pp. 196–206, Zięba (1995).

Handl (1993), Líska (1993). For more on the German debate on the subject of Mitteleuropa see Koszel (1999), Xiang (1992), p. 411 et seq., Garton Ash (1994), Zięba (1996).

Tomala (1991), pp. 11–14.

Pick (1995), Bombik and Samson (1995), Fülöp (1994), pp. 118, 123–126.

For more, see Zięba (2010).

Rühe (1993).

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opposed the introduction of a common currency, and voiced reservations to the proposed political union.

For more, see Zięba (2006).

For more, see Zięba (1992), Özer (1997), Hansen (1997), Bremmer and Bailes (1998).

Strictly speaking, the only disarmament agreement until that time was the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (the BM Convention), which was signed on 10 April 1972 and entered into force on 26 March 1975. For more about agreements on the limitation of strategic weapons, see Rimanelli (1995).

The CTBT: Looking Ahead … (1996), Johnson (1996), Edmonds (1994), Timerbaev (1994), pp. 393–396, Kaczmarski (2008).

The text of this treaty was adopted on September 18, 1997 at an international conference in Oslo. During the signing ceremony in Ottawa, the USA, Russia, China, India and North Korea withheld their signatures.

This question is discussed at greater length by Ghebali and Sauerwein (1995).

Atlantic News, No. 2670, October 25, 1995.

For more, see Kapuśniak (2005).

Declaration of the Heads … (1989).

Message From Turnberry … (1990).

London Declaration on a Transformed … (1990).

Partnership with the Countries … (1991).

See Lellouche (1992), p. 90.

For more, see Hellemann and Wolf (1993).

Chalmers (1990), Flynn and Scheffer (1990), Kupchan and Kupchan (1991), Betts (1992), Joffe (1992), Rusi (1991), Souchon (1993), pp. 249–257, Ullman (1991), pp. 63–79, Spiezio (1994), pp. 51–88.

Brenner (1995), p. 8.

Kupchan (1996).

Boyer (1993), p. 121.

For typical stances espoused by the neorealists, see Walt (1991), Mearsheimer (1990).

Glaser (1993), Hickman (1993). For more on the subject of maintaining NATO and the continued presence of US forces in Europe, see Perle (1991).

Harries (1993).

The Alliance’s New Strategic … (1991).

Ibidem.

Rome Declaration on Peace … (1991).

The Western European Union underwent a similar evolution—in June 1992 it undertook to conduct the so-called Petersberg tasks (operations), which entailed not only humanitarian and rescue tasks and conflict prevention and peace-keeping operations, but also tasks of combat forces in crisis management, including peacemaking. NATO did not embark on such far reaching out of area operations.

Organski (1958), p. 326, Keohane (1969), p. 296.

Krauthammer (1990/1991), Brzezinski (2004), Mastanduno (1997), Zartman (2009), Ikenberry (2010).

Klieman (2015), Włodkowska (2004).

See Robertson (2017).

Rothstein (1968).

Holbraad (1984).

Wight (1978), pp. 63, 65, 299–300, Vayrynen (1971).

Bull (1995), p. 103. See a similar view in Sheehan (1996), p. 116, Craig and George (1995), p. 21.

For more, see Handel (1981), pp. 169 et seq., Sheehan (1996).

Grudziński (2008), p. 56. Also see Holbraad (1971), p. 56.

Hey (2003), p. 3.

Grudziński (2008), op. cit., p. 36.

Ibidem, pp. 37–38.

Ibidem, p. 52.

Uzbekistan was also a member of the CSTO from 2006 to 2012.

For more, see Vukadinović (1997), pp. 75–95, Cottey (1999), Zięba (2004), pp. 275–293.

Waltz (1979), pp. 79–105.

See Walt (1996/1997). For more, see Walt (1996).

For more, see Umbach (1996), Romer (1992).

The German scholar Gerhard Wettig claims that one of the main factors affecting the security of states is the phenomenon of ‘weak states’ which, despite resorting to dictatorial methods, prove unable in the long-run to maintain internal order. See Wettig (1995), pp. 140–143.

Fukuyama (1992).

Huntington (1993).

Mearsheimer (1990), pp. 5–56.

Only in October 2000 was an agreement signed in Bishkek about the establishment of coalition rapid reaction forces of the collective security system, and in May 2001 in Yerevan it was decided in Yerevan to form the Collective Rapid Reaction Forces in the Region of Central Asia. These were initially supposed to be made up of soldiers from Russia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia and Tadzhikistan, but were ultimately made up of forces from the Russian Federation. In 2009 a multi-task Operational Reaction Force was established to combat new threats in the region. It is to be made up of 10-15,000 soldiers from member states of the CIS Treaty on Collective Security.

Shashenkov (1994), Mathers (1996).

See CSCE Helsinki Document … (1992), pt. 20.

See Final document of the fourth meeting … (1993).

See Kobrinskaya (1996).

Shashenkov (1994). See also Mihalka (1996).

See Vystupleniye postoyannogo predstavitelya … (1994), p. 62.

See Marantz (1997), Johnson and Archer (1996).

Itzkowitz Shifrinson (2016), p. 11 et seq.

Ibidem, p. 42.

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Titel: The Euro-Atlantic Security System in the 1990s
verfasst von: Ryszard Zięba
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: The Euro-Atlantic Security System in the 21st Century
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-79104-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-79105-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79105-0_2