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2011 | Buch

The Future of Design Methodology

herausgegeben von: Herbert Birkhofer

Verlag: Springer London

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The Future of Design Methodology gives a holistic overview of perspectives for design methodology, addresses trends for developing a powerful methodical support for design practice and provides a starting point for future design research. The chapters are written by leading scientists from around the world, who have great expertise in design methodology, as well as the farsightedness needed to develop design methodology further.

The Future of Design Methodology is a detailed contribution to consolidated design methodology and design research. Instead of articulating the views of one scientist, it provides a comprehensive collection of perspectives and visions. The editor highlights the substantial deficiencies and problems of the current design methodology and summarizes the authors’ findings to draw future-oriented conclusions.

The comprehensive overview of the status of design methodology given in The Future of Design Methodology will help enhance the individual scientific development of junior researchers, while the authoritative perspectives on future design methodology will challenge the views of experts. It is suitable for readers working in a wide range of design fields, such as design methodology, engineering design and industrial design.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction

Abstract

The idea for this book was inspired by reflecting decades of national and international research, working four decades in education and training, and from vast experience introducing Design Methodology in training sessions, consultations and development projects. Looking at research today, there is an explosion of relevant work. Worldwide, an abundance of researchers is actively working in design research. Design conferences and workshops are very popular and an active design research community has developed. The amount and variety of research work makes it impossible to have an even roughly complete overview.

H. Birkhofer

Specific Ways to Further Develop Design Methodology

Frontmatter

Chapter 2. Is Engineering Design Disappearing from Design Research?

Abstract

Most systems and products need to be engineered during their design, based upon scientific insight into principles, mechanisms, materials and production possibilities, leading to reliability, durability and value for the user. Despite the central importance and design’s crucial dependency on engineering, we observe a declining focus on engineering design in design research, articulated in the composition of contributions to Design Society conferences. Engineering design relates closely to the ‘materialisation’ of products and systems, i.e. the embodiment and detailing. The role of clever materialisation is enormous where poor engineering will often manifest in a multitude of consequences for downstream activities. In this article we will draw a picture of what happens in the embodiment phase of designing, try to create an overview of current understandings and sum up the challenges of proper embodiment. Embodiment design is just as intellectually challenging as conceptualisation but seems much more engineering dependant and intriguing in its complexity of dependencies and unsure reasoning about properties by the fact that often a multidisciplinary team is necessary. This article should be seen as the fertilisation of this theory and terminology barren land, inspiring researchers to work on embodiment and detailing.

M. M. Andreasen, T. J. Howard

Chapter 3. Methodical Support for the Development of Modular Product Families

Abstract

To offer individualised products at globally marketable prices, Institute PKT’s integrated approach to developing modular product families aims to generate maximum external product variety using the lowest possible internal process and component variety. Methodological units of product program planning, design for variety, life phases modularization, module lightweight design and process-oriented product development support the creation of modular product families during the product development process.

D. Krause, S. Eilmus

Chapter 4. Risk-Driven Design Processes: Balancing Efficiency with Resilience in Product Design

Abstract

Current design methods and approaches focus on increasing the efficiency of the product design system by, for example, eliminating waste and focusing on value creation. However, continuing failures in the development of complex, large scale products and systems point towards weaknesses in the existing approaches. We argue that product development organizations are hindered by the many uncertainties that are inherent in the process. Common management heuristics ignore uncertainty and thus overly simplify the decision making process. Creating transparency regarding uncertainties and the associated risks (i.e. effect of uncertainties on design objectives) is not seen as an explicit priority. Consequently organizations are unable to balance risk and return in their development choices. Product development processes do not emphasize reduction of risks, particularly those risks that are apparent early in the process. In addition, the resilience of the PD system, i.e. its ability to deliver on-target results under uncertainty, is not deliberately designed to match the level of residual uncertainty. This chapter introduces the notion of Risk-Driven Design and its four principles of 1. Creating transparency regarding design risks; 2. Risk-driven decision making; 3. Minimizing uncertainty; and 4. Creating resilience.

J. Oehmen, W. Seering

Chapter 5. Methodology and Computer-Aided Tools - A Powerful Interaction for Product Development

Abstract

The fundamental bases of modern product development are elements and systems, design methods and computer-aided tools. The interaction between methodology and computer support, mastered by competent engineers, can help to meet the challenges of future product development. The adaptation of existing methods and the creation of new ones that focus on interaction with computer-supported tools are a necessary and important part of design methodology. Methods that can help use the increasing power and capacity of future computers and allow a holistic view on the complete process of product realization are demanded. This paper describes the potential arising from an effective and powerful interaction between methods and tools. More support in decision-making is needed within the process of product development. Solutions based on an interaction between methods and CAx tools can provide powerful assistance to engineers in this field.

H. Meerkamm

Chapter 6. A Reuse Design Decision Support System Based on Self-Organizing Maps

Abstract

This paper demonstrates the advantages of combining computer attributes with human attributes for useful cooperation in reuse design decision making. In this field of design, the final decision is generally made by a human, since they are better at interpreting the structure of the data than a computer, provided that the data is processed and presented in a clear and comprehensible way. A good approach to processing data is visualization, which can be performed by the data mining method Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). SOM can be used to effectively visualize the structures and connections in the available data.

J. Feldhusen, A. Nagarajah, S. Schubert, A. Brezing

Chapter 7. Increasing Effectiveness and Efficiency of Product Development - A Challenge for Design Methodologies and Knowledge Management

Abstract

Information transfer and decision makingdecision making play dominant roles in the product development process. Information has to be retrieved, processed and outputted permanently. Thus, knowledge is generated and required to design this process effectively and efficiently, including making the right decisions. Therefore, supporting the product development process is a major task of design methodologies, knowledge managementknowledge management and tools. The future of Design Methodology has to be orientated around prospective product development. The present state of and challenges in product development are briefly described in this paper to realize future objectives for product development. Engineering Design Methodology’s general contribution and the Institute for Engineering Design and Industrial Design (IKTD)’s detailed schemes for achieving these objectives are depicted.

H. Binz, A. Keller, M. Kratzer, M. Messerle, D. Roth

Chapter 8. Design Theory and Methodology - Contributions to the Computer Support of Product Development/Design Processes

Abstract

Based on a conference paper published by Weber and Birkhofer (Weber and Birkhofer 2007) on requirements of Design Theory and Methodology (DTM), this article investigates DTM’s contributions to progression, systematisation and application of computer methods/tools for product development/design processes. Using the CPM/ PDD approach (“Characteristics-Properties Modelling”, “Property-Driven Development/Design”), investigations of computer-based analysis and synthesis methods/tools, product models/modelling and controlling the development/design process are presented.

C. Weber

Chapter 9. Summary - Specific Approaches to Further Develop Design Methodology

Abstract

A large group of authors have formulated precise proposals for further developing Design Methodology concerning individual topics or better links between subject areas. The chapters in this category relate to individual development phases or cross multiple phases. The basic structure of Design Methodology, with its phases arrangement, sequential course of action with iterations, allocation of methods and specification of phase-related results, is widely used and accordingly not questioned.

H. Birkhofer

Holistic Ways to Supply, Extend or Replace Design Methodology

Frontmatter

Chapter 10. Boundary Conditions for a New Type of Design Task: Understanding Product/Service-Systems

Abstract

Manufacturing companies have traditionally focused their efforts on developing and producing physical products for the market. Currently, however, many companies are rethinking their business strategies, from selling products to providing services. In place of the product alone, the activity and knowledge associated with the use of the product is increasingly perceived to be the new design object. But how to organise the design of combined products and services, over expanded time domains and new stakeholder boundaries? The design research community is paying increasing attention to this new design object and research paradigm, studying service‐oriented approaches to product development and seeking to understand how to spell the systematic development of these so-called Product/Service‐SystemProduct/Service‐Systems (PSS). When considering the shift towards PSS in the domain of engineering, it is interesting to understand the shifting focus and identification of boundary conditionboundary conditions that manufacturing organisations must undergo, in order to develop just as systematic an approach to the service-related aspects of their business development, as they have in place for their product development. This chapter will attempt to map out some of the boundary conditions for PSS design research, in order to ensure that the phenomenon is successfully transformed into a well balanced design research field, including the necessary domains of expertise and research content to fully understand, develop and also communicate the field to industrial manufacturing companies.

T. C. McAloone

Chapter 11. Product/Service System Design and Beyond

Abstract

Manufacturers in developed countries today face severe competition from hardware manufacturers in low-wage countries. This competition is expected to become tougher as the quality of products from manufacturers in developing countries improves. Firms in developed countries need to find ways to distinguish themselves in terms of value for customers. Product quality is part of this value. Service is also an important element that creates value for customers. Manufacturers in developed countries regard service as increasingly important. Some manufacturing firms are strategically shifting from the role of “product seller” towards “service provider” (Oliva and Kallenberg 2003). Importantly, service activity is increasingly being incorporated into the design space, an area traditionally dominated by physical products in manufacturing industries. Companies expand the aim of engineering design from a physical product to include products and services, so that the whole design is effective and efficient. Such an offering is often called Product/Service Systems (PSS) (Mont 2002; Tukker and Tischner 2006)

T. Sakao

Chapter 12. Open Product Development

Abstract

Open Product Development Methodology is the future of design methodology. It contains three phases: 1. Proactive, strategy-based construction of product development knowledge 2. Fast, efficient product development utilising the right resources 3. Guarantee of product life-cycle knowledge. Each phase has its own methods, of which the following are presented in this chapter: Company Strategic Landscape, Product Family Design and Configuration Process, and the Combined Variation of Product, Manufacturing Processes and Networks. It is important to strengthen the head designer’s role and that the Product Architect takes new responsibilities in design, such as in the environmental review stage.

A. Riitahuhta, T. Lehtonen, A. Pulkkinen, P. Huhtala

Chapter 13. Managing Virtual Product Creation

Abstract

Design methodology is the backbone of Virtual Product Creation (VPC). The methods implemented in application software systems to support engineering to develop innovative products are embedded in design methodology. A product creation process as a complex iterative decision process needs appropriate management techniques. Common approaches are required to plan, execute, monitor and evaluate product creation activities. Requirements of project management, quality management and innovation management also have to be fulfilled. All activities of Virtual Product Creation have to be integrated into product creation workflows. This chapter discusses major management approaches, such as lifecycle management, workflow management, progress monitoring, and maturity management, as complementary to design methodology.

R. Anderl

Chapter 14. Systems Engineering versus Design Methodology

Abstract

Systems Engineering, with its long tradition of success in dealing with complex systems, includes a number of methods and tools that are integral parts of Design Methodology. As research is an ongoing process, generating new results and insights, transferring and adopting further elements out from Systems Engineering has a lot of potential. This will be demonstrated with some case studies of using matrix and graph methods to handle structural complexity. The cases deal with requirement analysis in a product-service system, knowledge exchange in practice, design to cost of mechatronic systems, and planning of material flow in a complex construction environment.

U. Lindemann

Chapter 15. The Autogenetic Design Theory

Product Development as an Analogy to Biological Evolution

S. Vajna, K. Kittel, T. Bercsey

Chapter 16. Towards a Designer-Centred Methodology: Descriptive Considerations and Prescriptive Reflections

Abstract

Design methodology aims to provide structure that supports designers dealing with complex and complicated problems in varying projects, contexts and environments. For decades, the technique for transferring methods into practice has been discussed, mainly in reference to the limited use of methods in practice. This paper addresses three issues: past, present, and future. ‘What is methodology good for?’ is asked in reference to the past and provides a brief overview of arguments from recent decades that question the benefits of design methodology. The second part elaborates on the claim that designers should be the source of information about their use of design methods. To support the plea for a designer-centred methodology, results are presented of an interview study that aimed to find out what kind of situations the users of design methods - the designers - experience as non-routine situations and how they cope with these kinds of situations. It is assumed that this information helps to determine when designers need what kind of support. Finally, the third section discusses the extent to which the new design thinking movement as a business strategy will influence the development of design methodology in the future, and closes with a summary of the implications of future trends for design methodology. The emphasis throughout is a plea for substantial methodological support in an individually personalised and situation–oriented manner to meet the demands of the user, and thus increase design performance.

P. Badke-Schaub, J. Daalhuizen, N. Roozenburg

Chapter 17. A New Perspective on Product Engineering Overcoming Sequential Process Models

Abstract

In recent decades, the role of human individuals in product engineering was neglected as more and more effort was put into developing computer tools. A major factor in design that will never change is humans being at the centre of product engineering. Recent approaches of modelling product engineering processes as a sequence of activities neglect the complex interrelationships of activities carried out by parties participating in the process, as well as internal and external factors that influence the system of objectives, the operation system and the system of objects. A framework is presented here that aims to overcome the difficulties in current process models. Management and engineering perspectives of a product engineering process are different but equally important. Sequential approaches do not successfully satisfy both. Product engineering can be described as the transformation of objectives into objects. To do this, the C&C²-Approach is needed as it permits the description of form and function simultaneously. The importance of validation in product engineering is described and the result of these investigations presented: The Integrated Product Engineering Model (iPeM). The iPeM has undergone initial testing in engineering projects and appears to be a promising approach to a mental framework for the future of engineering design.

A. Albers, E. Sadowski, L. Marxen

Chapter 18. Summary - Holistic Ways to Supply, Extend or Replace Design Methodology

Abstract

A large group of authors puts the whole approach of Design Methodology on the test stand. By formulating holistic approaches the existing Design Methodology is extended with regard to the design-object and/or the respective processes. Additionally, the extension with methods from other science areas or even alternative development methods is considered.

H. Birkhofer

General Reflections on Design Methodology

Frontmatter

Chapter 19. What Designers Can Learn From Leonardo, an Ingenious Artist, Scientist and Engineer

Abstract

Leonardo da Vinci was one of the greatest geniuses of humanity. Like no-one before and surely no-one since, he combined nearly all the knowledge and many abilities of his time, having brilliant ideas and concepts for the future. Leonardo’s special thinking and methods correspond with the work of designers and scientists, helping them towards greatness. Some conclusions are given on useful learnings from Leonardo. His works and abilities as an artist, (natural) scientist and engineer are discussed: we can still learn from his thinking and methods.

H.-J. Franke

Chapter 20. “Design … but of What”?

Abstract

Researchers in the field of design are often challenged by outsiders with the question “design… but of what?”, as if their insights, research results and proposals were specific to a given field of human activity. This misinterpretation is easy to dispel if one looks at the vast and growing effort in disciplines both technical and non-technical, to bring greater rationality and rigor of method to design. The paper has the objective of discussing issues that are likely to challenge design researchers and practitioners in the near future, based on both the diffusion of design-related concepts and on the growingly complex nature of artifacts and of the context in which they are developed.

M. Cantamessa

Chapter 21. Transferring Design Methods into Practice

Abstract

Over the past 40 years there has been a rapid expansion of engineering design research. Researchers have proposed many methods to support designers, but there is evidence that many of these methods have not been transferred into practice. Why is this so? To address this question design practice, design research and knowledge transfer are discussed. Designers often consider new design methods to be complex, inflexible, incomplete, and not relevant to their working practices. The author’s career spanned 40 years in design practice and design research. He reflects on the changes that have taken place and presents a case study of a successful transfer of a design method into practice. The main conclusion is that in too many cases it is nobody’s job to transfer design methods into practice – there is a “missing link”.

K. Wallace

Chapter 22. Towards a Taxonomy of Design Research Areas

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the future of design research and the role of design lexicon research in shaping its future. We first discuss what we mean by “design”, “design research”, and by “future” of design research. We then discuss lexicon research in general, and our initial attempts at developing taxonomy of design research areas to help growth and sustenance of design research.

A. Chakrabarti

Chapter 23. Design Research and Education: A University Perspective

Abstract

Design, designing and design research become terms of their own, spread over disciplines, professional, cultural or social groups, geographic borders or borders of any kind. However the body of knowledge about design has evolved significantly and engineering design research is an increasingly mature stand alone discipline The article discuses the main activities of design departments at universities: design research, design practice and design education, supporting the view that none of the three can be viewed, discussed or practiced without the others. Design research, education and practice as performed in academia today are primarily a question of balance. Discussion is supported with selected examples. Indication of potential research areas is presented.

D. Marjanović

Chapter 24. The Future of Design Research: Consolidation, Collaboration and Inter-Disciplinary Learning?

Abstract

Multiple academic disciplines have researched in design in recent decades, and in so doing have developed a vibrant body of work exploring design from multiple perspectives. This is both a strength and a weakness. Diversity has led to a richness of insights, but at the expense of a lack of coherence and perhaps the perception of a fragmented community. It is proposed in this paper that it is thus timely for the communities that research in design and related areas to collaborate with a view to developing a consolidated understanding of the design research area. It is proposed that this may be achieved firstly by design researchers exploring where there is commonality and differences in results and approaches and secondly for the design community to explore where the work of other scholarly communities informs or challenges design research and vice versa. Examples of starting points for this work are proposed, together with suggestions for mechanisms to develop the collaboration.

Chris McMahon

Chapter 25. Summary - General Reflections on Design Methodology

Abstract

The third group of authors does not directly phrase suggestions for optimisation, enhancement or replacement of Design Methodology. Instead, the focus is on how Design Methodology is developed and how it’s further development should be carried out, looking at the surroundings in which product development operates and which requirements can be derived for further development.

H. Birkhofer

Chapter 26. Conclusions

Abstract

The 21 authors of this book cover a wide area of experiences and competences. Accordingly, opinions regarding the further development of Design Methodology are diverse. Nevertheless, key focal points can be recognised that are mentioned across multiple contributions. These focal points indicate important and urgent goals for change and innovation.

H. Birkhofer

Backmatter

Titel: The Future of Design Methodology
herausgegeben von: Herbert Birkhofer
Verlag: Springer London
Electronic ISBN: 978-0-85729-615-3
Print ISBN: 978-0-85729-614-6
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-615-3

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