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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Great Ebb: Europe’s Fight for Survival

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. Luc-Normand Tellier

Erschienen in: Urban World History

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The fall of the Western Roman Empire was followed by a dark period of regression and a critical decline of the European urban system. However, it is in that long epoch of the Middle Ages that the future Renaissance grew its roots thanks to the survival of the Byzantine Empire, the rise of Russia, the Spanish Reconquista, the resurrection of the Italian urbexplosion, the forming of France, the expansion of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, and the emergence of a Northern Europe urbexplosion. Thus, a new northwestward trend developed in Europe in the wake of the Great Ebb.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Understanding Topodynamic Inertia

Nächstes Kapitel The Discovery of America and the Return in Strength of the Occident

Bairoch (1988, 366–367).

Runciman (1951).

Balard (1976).

The Turks overwhelmed Constantinople thanks to a monster cannon capable of firing projectiles exceeding 800 lb in weight. That cannon had been previously offered to Constantinople by its makers, but rejected as too expensive.

Paris (1999, 92).

Kiev is located on the western, right bank of the Dnepr where a high-ground gorodishche (‘burg’) of the eighth century controlled a major river crossing.

Moscow was founded in 1147 on a prominent ridge alongside the Moskva River, on the left bank of the river on high ground some 40 m above the river.

The great period of the Reconquista began with the taking of Toledo in 1085 and ended with the capture of Murcia in 1266. That period and the Norman conquest of Sicily corresponded with the epoch of the Crusades.

Called Barcino under the Roman Empire.

The origin of Portugal goes back to Emperor Augustus who divided the Iberian Peninsula into three Roman provinces: Tarraconensis (northern Spain), Baetica (Andalusia), and Lusitania. Lusitania later became Portugal.

Called Caesaraugusta under the Roman Empire.

Lisbon was founded by the Phoenicians and later occupied by the Carthaginians, before coming under Roman domination in 207 BC. Before the fall of Rome, Lisbon was taken in 419 by the Visigoths. From 714 to 1147, the city was occupied by the Moors.

Called Carthago Nova under the Roman Empire.

Granada originated as Elibyrge, a Celtic settlement. The Romans and Visigoths knew it as Illiberis, an obscure settlement.

The Spanish Inquisition had been set up in 1478. On February 6, 1481, the first auto de fe was staged in the main plaza at Seville. In eight years, between 1481 and 1489, the Seville tribunal alone burnt more than 700 heretics.

Paris is located at a point where the Seine can be crossed thanks to the Ile de la Cité. During the Roman period, the original Gallic inhabitants occupied the Ile de la Cité while the Romans themselves preferred the left bank, later called “Quartier Latin.”

Pirenne (1969).

The disintegration of the Carolingian Empire was favored by the continual Scandinavian invasions from the north, but also by the invasions of the Magyars and the Slavs from the east, and the Saracens from the south.

After the withdrawal of the Roman legions from Britain in 409 AD, Londinium-London declined. Alfred the Great, king of Wessex from 871 to 878, and, later, king of Britain from 878 to 899, repaired the defenses and consolidated London as a fortified town. At that time, the capital of Britain was Winchester. London succeeded Winchester as the British capital early in the eleventh century, when the kings moved their residence from Winchester to Westminster. It must be added that York, the capital of the former Kingdom of Northumbria, was seen as the capital of the north.

The ninth century represented the nadir of the European urban evolution. See Henri Pirenne, op. cit.

Davis (1987), Henri Pirenne, op. cit., Morris (1972), Saalman (1968).

About that movement, see Braudel (1972, 1974), as well as de Vries (1984), Cipolla (1981), and Hohenberg and Lees (1985).

See Jan de Vries, op. cit., 161–167.

Paul Bairoch, op. cit., 124–125.

This has been observed for the first time by Ernest G. Ravenstein when he formulated his famous laws of migration; see Ravenstein (1885, 1889).

That fire led to the most destructive of all the sackings of Rome. Pope Gregory VII left Rome with the Norman Robert Guiscard, who had saved him, and took refuge at Salerno.

In The Story of Rome (London: J. M. Dent & Co’s Mediæval Towns series, 1901), Norwood Young wrote: “if [...] the period of desertion and decay comes to an end on the arrival of Martin V in 1420, the era of new life, of renaissance, begins with Nicholas V in 1447.”

According to the official (and “legendary”) history of Venice, that city was founded on March, 25, 421, at midday exactly.

Maddison (2001, 52).

Ibid., 19.

See Brunet (1989).

Morris (1994, p. 157): “Renaissance urbanism spread slowly from Italy to other European countries, taking some seventy-five years to reach France and a further eighty-five years to become established in England.”

Barcelona was held by the Moors for 88 years (from 713 to 801). It was regained by the Franks, who made it the capital of the county of Barcelona. It prospered from the twelfth century. Later, from 1778, Barcelona was permitted to trade with Latin America and further growth ensued.

Paul M. Hohenberg, and Lynn Hollen Lees, op. cit., 161–163.

Ibid., 64–65.

In 1457, the rich represented only 2% of Florence’s population, and the middle class, 16%, while the poor people constituted 54% of the population, and the destitute, 28%. De Roover (1963).

Pirenne (1937).

Anthony Edwin James Morris, op. cit., 136; Gutkin (1969).

Located at a key crossing of the Main River, where ancient trading routes converged, Frankfurt (which means “ford of the Franks”) was for many centuries one of the most important commercial cities in Germany.

Budapest originates from three urban nuclei: Obuda, which is located on the right (western) bank of the Danube where the Roman fortress of Aquincum laid, Buda, centered on a commanding hill of the right bank, and Pest, built on the extensive plain of the left bank.

Jan de Vries, op. cit., 158–167, has studied that topodynamic evolution from 1500 by means of maps of gravity potentials based on the spatial distribution of the populations.

In the Domesday Book of 1086, York is the largest registered English city with a population of 8000 plus (London is not mentioned in the Domesday). York, the northern capital, was second in size to London, the southern capital, from its Roman origin as Eburacum through the late medieval times. Between the Roman withdrawal of 407–9 AD and its conquest by the Angles around 560, Eburacum was deserted. It is interesting to note that Constantine the Great was proclaimed Roman emperor at Eburacum in 306.

The two main industries of medieval England were linked to the production of woollen cloth, and the smelting and working of iron. In the fourteenth century, the five largest English cities were, in order of importance, London, Norwich, York, Bristol, and Plymouth.

Angus Maddison, op. cit., 75.

Lugan (2001, 117).

Bairoch, P. (1988). Cities and economic development, from the dawn of history to the present. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Balard, M. (1976). Amalfi et Byzance (Xe-XIIe siècle) Centre de recherche d’histoire et de civilisation de Byzance. Travaux et Mémoires, 6, 85–95.

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Cipolla, C. (1981). Before the industrial revolution. European society and economy, 1000–1700 (2nd ed.). London: Methuen.

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de Vries, J. (1984). European urbanization, 1500–1800. London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Gutkin, E. A. (1969). International history of city development (8 volumes). New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-Macmillan Limited.

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Pirenne, H. (1969). Mediaeval cities: Their origins and the revival of trade. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 48, 167–235; and (1889) 52, 241–301.

Runciman, S. (1951). A history of the crusades (3 volumes, 1430 pages). New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Titel: The Great Ebb: Europe’s Fight for Survival
verfasst von: Prof. Dr. Luc-Normand Tellier
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Urban World History
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-24841-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-24842-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24842-0_8

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