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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

5. The Listing and Protection of the East Rennell World Heritage Site

verfasst von : Stephanie Clair Price

Erschienen in: World Heritage Conservation in the Pacific

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

This chapter analyses the inscription of East Rennell on the World Heritage List, explaining how the values for which the site was listed and the site’s boundaries influence conservation efforts. The chapter then explores the site’s protection, laying a foundation for more detailed analysis in later chapters. It outlines the threats to the site, and the Solomon Islands government’s plan to address those threats. Key social, cultural, and economic issues influencing World Heritage conservation in Solomon Islands are also discussed. The chapter argues that in the design of conservation initiatives, the economic constraints of the government, the development aspirations of the East Rennellese people, and Solomon Islanders’ reverence for the rights of customary landowners cannot be ignored.

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Vorheriges Kapitel The Protection of Pacific Island Heritage Through the World Heritage Convention Regime

Nächstes Kapitel Protecting the East Rennell World Heritage Site: Customary Protection and Management Planning

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, opened for signature 16 November 1972, 1037 UNTS 151 (entered into force 17 December 1975) (‘World Heritage Convention’).

T Badman et al, Outstanding Universal Value: Standards for Natural World Heritage (IUCN, 2008) 25.

WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68.

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC 97/2 (February 1997) (‘Operational Guidelines 1997 ’).

WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, WHC 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35.

Operational Guidelines 1997, UN Doc WHC 97/2, para 44(a).

Ibid., para 44(b) (i)–(iv).

Ibid., para 44(b) (v)–(vi).

This is now para 77(ix) in the 2016 version of the Operational Guidelines. See UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016) para 77(ix).

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 82; WHC Res CONF 203 VIII.A.1, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF/203/18 (29 January 1999) 25, 25.

See, for example, Elspeth J Wingham, Nomination of East Rennell, Solomon Islands by the Government of Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites (1997) 35.

Robert J MacArthur and Edward O Wilson, ‘An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography’ (1963) 17 Evolution 373. Other factors also affect the biological diversity of islands, such as the island’s age, its isolation, and its environmental heterogeneity. See, for example, Kostas A Triantis et al, ‘Measurements of Area and the (Island) Species-Area Relationship: New Directions for an Old Pattern’ (2008) 117 Oikos 1555.

See, for example, Barry Cox and Peter Moore, Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell (Oxford, 1980) 109–11.

See, for example, Wingham, above n 11, 35.

Steve Turton, East Rennell World Heritage Area: Assessment of the State of Conservation of World Heritage Values. Final Field Report (James Cook University, 2014) 7.

See, for example, Wingham, above n 11, 14–22.

See, for example, Christopher E Filardi et al, ‘New Behavioral, Ecological, and Biogeographic Data on the Avifauna of Rennell, Solomon Islands’ (1999) 53(4) Pacific Science 319; J M Diamond, ‘The Avifauna of Rennell Island’ in Torben Wolff (ed), The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands (Danish Science Press, vol 8, 1984).

Anita Smith, ‘World Heritage and Outstanding Universal Value in the Pacific Islands’ (2015) 21(2) International Journal of Heritage Studies 177, 183.

These include the American Whitney Expeditions in 1928 and 1930, the American Templeton-Crocker Expedition in 1933, the Danish Rennell Expedition in 1951, and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition in 1953. For a discussion of early expeditions, see Torben Monberg, ‘Research on Rennell and Bellona: A Preliminary Report’ (1960) 2 Folk 71; T Wolff, ‘The Fauna of Rennell and Bellona, Solomon Islands’ (1969) 255(800) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 321; Torben Wolff (ed), The Natural History of Rennell Islands, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Results of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951 and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition 1953 (Danish Science Press, volumes 1–4, 1958–1962); Torben Wolff (ed), The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Results of the Noona Dan Expedition (Rennell Section, 1962) and The Danish Rennell Expedition 1965 (Danish Science Press, volumes 5–8, 1968).

For a comprehensive bibliography of literature on the natural environment of Rennell, see Rolf Kuschel, Torben Monberg, and Torben Wolff, Bibliography of Rennell and Bellona Islands (University of Copenhagen, 2nd ed, 2001) http://www.bellona.dk/pdf/publications//bibliography_2nd.pdf.

Operational Guidelines 1997, UN Doc WHC 97/2, para 7.

Anita Smith, ‘East Rennell World Heritage Site: Misunderstandings, Inconsistencies and Opportunities in the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention in the Pacific Islands’ (2011) 17(6) International Journal of Heritage Studies 592, 599.

The Bureau of the World Heritage Committee coordinates the Committee’s work. It comprises 7 of the 21 State parties that are members of the Committee. See UNESCO, The World Heritage Committee http://whc.unesco.org/en/committee/.

Information on Tentative Lists and Examination of Nominations of Cultural and Natural Properties to the List of World Heritage in Danger and the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF.203/10Rev (29 November 1998) 3.

Letter from Moses K Mose, Permanent Secretary of Solomon Islands Ministry of Commerce, Employment and Tourism, to Bernd von Droste, Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (1 September 1998) attached as supplementary information to Elspeth J Wingham, Nomination of East Rennell, Solomon Islands by the Government of Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites (1997) 1.

Adoption of Retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value, WHC 36th sess, UN Doc WHC-12/36.COM/8E (15 June 2012) 55–56 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands).

Ibid.

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016) paras 154–155.

Smith, above n 22, 605.

Ibid., 597.

Laurie Wein, East Rennell World Heritage Site Management Plan (Solomon Islands National Commission for UNESCO, 2007) 14.

Operational Guidelines 1997, UN Doc WHC 97/2, para 44(b) (ii).

Ibid., para 44(b) (vi).

Ibid., para 17.

Wingham, above n 11, 38.

Ibid.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 81.

Ibid.

See, for example Turton, above n 15, 7–8, 10–11; Paul Dingwall, Report on the Reactive Monitoring Mission to East Rennell, Solomon Islands, 21–29 October 2012 (IUCN, 2013) 16; Adoption of Retrospective Statements of Outstanding Universal Value, WHC 36th sess, UN Doc WHC-12/36.COM/8E (15 June 2012) 55–56 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands); IUCN, Natural World Heritage Sites: The Pacific’s Challenges (13 June 2014) https://www.iucn.org/content/natural-world-heritage-sites-pacific%E2%80%99s-challenges; International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage, Report of the Technical Consultation Meeting on East Rennell World Heritage Site in Danger, Sanya, Hainan Province, China, 1–2 February 2016 (2016) 21.

Operational Guidelines 1997, UN Doc WHC 97/2, para 44(b) (v).

Ibid., para 44(b) (vi).

WHC Res CONF 203 XIV.3, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF.203/18 (29 January 1999) 56.

Wingham, above n 11, 45.

Ibid.

Ibid., 5.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 81.

See, for example, K Ruddle, E Hviding and R E Johannes, ‘Marine Resources Management in the Context of Customary Tenure’ (1992) 7 Marine Resource Economics 249, 262.

See, for example, Christophe Sand, ‘Melanesian Tribes vs Polynesian Chiefdoms: Recent Archaeological Assessment of a Classic Model of Socio-Political Types in Oceania’ (2002) 41(2) Asian Perspectives 284, 291; Jennifer Corrin Care and Jean G Zorn, ‘Legislating pluralism: Statutory “Developments” in Melanesian Customary Law’ (2001) 46 Journal of Legal Pluralism 49, 51.

WHC Res CONF 203 VIII.A.1, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF/203/18 (29 January 1999) 25, 26. The only recorded dissent to the Committee’s decision came from the delegate from Thailand, who noted that customary tenure does not guarantee effective protection. The Thai delegate also opposed the listing on the basis that it did not comply with the requirements in the 1997 Operational Guidelines. This dissent was reasonable because the Committee’s decision to amend the Operational Guidelines to allow for the listing of natural sites under customary protection was made after its decision to list East Rennell, albeit at the same meeting.

Wingham, above n 11, 38.

Ibid.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 82.

Elspeth J Wingham, Resource Management Objectives and Guidelines for East Rennell, Solomon Islands (May 1998), attached as attachment 1 to Elspeth J Wingham, Nomination of East Rennell, Solomon Islands by the Government of Solomon Islands for Inclusion in the World Heritage List Natural Sites (1997).

Ibid., 1, 19.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 83.

Wein, above n 31.

Wingham, above n 11, 38.

Ben Boer, ‘Solomon Islands’ in Ben Boer (ed), Environmental Law in the South Pacific: Consolidated Report of the Reviews of Environmental Law in the Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of the Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands (South Pacific Regional Environment Programme and IUCN Environmental Law Centre, 1996) 189, 193; Ben Boer, Solomon Islands: Review of Environmental Law (SPREP, 1993) 11.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess (1998) 79, 83.

Ibid.

WHC Res CONF 203 VIII.A.1, 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF/203/18 (29 January 1999) 25.

ICOMOS, Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 32nd sess, UN Doc WHC-08/32.COM/INF/8B1 (2008) 92 (Chief Roi Mata’s Domain, Vanuatu, Advisory Body Evaluation 1280) 98.

ICOMOS, Evaluations of Nominations of Cultural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 36th sess, UN Doc WHC-12/36.COM/INF.8B1 (2012) 21 (Rock Islands Southern Lagoon, Republic of Palau, Advisory Body Evaluation 1386) 28.

IUCN, Evaluations of Nominations of Natural and Mixed Properties to the World Heritage List, WHC 34th sess, UN Doc WHC/10/34.COM/INF.8B2 (2010) 19 (Phoenix Islands Protected Area, Kiribati, Advisory Body Evaluation 1325) 22.

WHC Res CONF 203 VIII.A.1, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-98/CONF/203/18 (29 January 1999) 25, 26.

Tongariro National Park (New Zealand), Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (Australia) and the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (The Philippines).

Smith, above n 22, 600.

Salamat Ali Tabbasum and Paul Dingwall, Report on the Mission to East Rennell World Heritage Property and Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands, 30 March–10 April 2005 (IUCN and World Heritage Centre, 2005) 5, 11.

Reactive monitoring missions are conducted by the Advisory Bodies and other groups, at the request of the Committee to ascertain a site’s state of conservation: see UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016) Part IV.A.

For the report of this mission, see Dingwall, above n 39.

WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68.

WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, WHC 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35.

IUCN, World Heritage Outlook – East Rennell http://www.worldheritageoutlook.iucn.org/explore-sites/wdpaid/168242.

Simon Albert et al, Survey of the Condition of the Marine Ecosystem within the East Rennell World Heritage Area, Solomon Islands (University of Queensland, Solomon Islands Marine Ecology Laboratory, Griffith University and WWF-Solomon Islands, 2013) 36; Turton, above n 15, 10.

Nils Finn Munch-Petersen, ‘An Island Saved, At Least for Some Time? The Advent of Tourism to Rennell, Solomon Islands’ in Godfrey Baldacchino and Daniel Niles (eds), Island Futures: Conservation and Development Across the Asia-Pacific Region (Springer, 2011) 169, 173.

Dingwall, above n 39, 13–18; Turton, above n 15, 7, 11.

The first logging licence for West Rennell was granted in 2008: Dingwall, above n 39, 13. This is relatively recent compared to other parts of the Solomon Islands. See, for example, Ian Frazer, ‘The Struggle for Control of Solomon Island Forests’ (1997) 9(1) Contemporary Pacific 39. Frazer notes that large-scale logging in Solomon Islands began in the 1960s, and accelerated in the 1980s when companies started to operate on customary land: at 46.

International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage, above n 39, 1, 18, 20.

Dingwall, above n 39, 4; Turton, above n 15, 7–8, 10–11, 14.

For discussion of history of mining on Rennell, see generally Peter Larmour, ‘Sharing the Benefits: Customary Landowners and Natural Resource Projects in Melanesia’ (1989) 36 Pacific Viewpoint 56; David Ruthven, ‘Rennell Bauxite’ in Peter Larmour (ed), Land in Solomon Islands (Institution of Pacific Studies and Ministry of Agriculture and Lands, 1979) 94; Colin Filer, ‘Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Mining, “Indigenous People” and the Development of States’ in Benedict Y Imbun and Paul A McGavin (eds), Mining in Papua New Guinea: Analysis and Policy Implications (University of Papua New Guinea Press, 2001) 7.

For discussion of the reasons for this, see Larmour, above n 80; John McKinnon, Solomon Islands World Heritage Site Proposal: Report on a Fact Finding Mission (4–22 February 1990) (Victoria University of Wellington, 1990) 17; John Smith, An Island in the Autumn (Librario Publishing Ltd, 2012) 59.

Solomon Islands Government, State Party Report on the State of Conservation of East Rennell (Solomon Islands) (SIG, 2017) 5.

Ibid., 6.

Turton, above n 15, 14.

Aatai John, ‘No Mining at Lake Tegano’, The Solomon Star (online), 20 February 2017 http://www.solomonstarnews.com/news/national/12281-no-mining-at-lake-tegano.

Turton, above n 15, 10; Dingwall, above n 39, 21–22, 32.

Dingwall, above n 39, 22.

Ibid.

Ibid., 5; Turton, above n 15, 10.

Dingwall, above n 39, 19–21; WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68, 68.

Albert et al, above n 74, 36.

Ibid.

Ibid. Albert et al. do however note that the low abundance they encountered could be a result of the sampling method used: at 28.

International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage, above n 39, 22.

Dingwall, above n 39, 4; Turton, above n 15, 12.

International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage, above n 39, 22.

Ibid.

Dingwall, above n 39, 4. Turton, above n 15, 13.

Dingwall, above n 39, 4. Turton, above n 15, 13–14.

100

Dingwall, above n 39, 4. Turton, above n 15, 13.

101

Ibid.

102

See, for example, A Markham et al, World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate (UNEP and UNESCO, 2016) 9.

103

Jim Perry, ‘World Heritage Hot Spots: A Global Model Identifies the 16 Natural Heritage Properties on the World Heritage List Most at Risk From Climate Change’ (2011) 17(5) International Journal of Heritage Studies 426, 426.

104

Dingwall, above n 39, 22–24. Turton, above n 15, 7.

105

WHC Res 34 COM 7B.17, WHC 34th sess, UN Doc WHC-10/34.COM/20 (3 September 2010) 71, 71; WHC Res 36 COM 7B.15, WHC 36th sess, UN Doc WHC-12/36.COM/19 (June–July 2012) 63, 63; WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68, 68; WHC Res 38 COM 7A.29, WHC 38th sess, UN Doc WHC-14/38.COM/16 (7 July 2014) 39, 40; WHC Res 39 COM 7A.16, WHC 39th sess, UN Doc WHC-15/39.COM/19 (8 July 2015) 30, 30; WHC Res 40 COM 7A.49, WHC 40th sess, UN Doc WHC-16/40.COM/19 (15 November 2016) 68, 69.

106

WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68, 68.

107

WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, WHC 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35, 35.

108

WHC Res 37 COM 7B.14, WHC 37th sess, UN Doc WHC-13/37.COM/20 (5 July 2013) 68, 68.

109

State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, WHC 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/7A.Add (2 June 2017) 26 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands); WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, WHC 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35.

110

State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/7A.Add, 28.

111

For analysis of the tensions, see generally Judith Bennett, Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands – Though Much is Taken, Much Abides: Legacies of Tradition and Colonialism, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper (Australian National University, 2002); Sinclair Dinnen, ‘State-Building in a Post-Colonial Society: The Case of Solomon Islands’ (2008) 9 Chicago Journal of International Law 51; Sinclair Dinnen, ‘The Solomon Islands Intervention and the Instabilities of the Post-Colonial State’ (2008) 20(3) Global Change, Peace and Security (formerly Pacific Review: Peace, Security and Global Change) 338; Clive Moore, ‘Pacific View: The Meaning of Governance and Politics in the Solomon Islands’ (2008) 62(3) Australian Journal of International Affairs 386; John Braithwaite et al, Pillars and Shadows: Statebuilding as Peacebuilding in Solomon Islands (ANU E Press, 2010); Matthew G Allen, ‘Land, Identity and Conflict on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands’ (2012) 43(2) Australian Geographer 153.

112

See, for example, Dinnen, ‘State-Building in a Post-Colonial Society’, above n 111, 61.

113

See, for example, Moore, above n 111, 387.

114

Daniel Gay (ed), Solomon Islands Diagnostic Trade Integration Study 2009 Report (Solomon Islands Government, 2009) 19.

115

See, for example, Moore, above n 111, 387.

116

Graham Baines, Beneath the State: Chiefs of Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands, Coping and Adapting, State, Society and Governance Working Paper 2014/2 (Australian National University, 2014) 3.

117

Tabbasum and Dingwall, above n 68, 5; State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-03/27.COM/7B (12 June 2003) 11 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands) 11; Wein, above n 31, 7.

118

State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, WHC 22nd sess, UN Doc WHC-03/27.COM/7B (12 June 2003) 11 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands) 11.

119

See, for example, Dinnen, ‘State-Building in a Post-Colonial Society’, above n 111, 63.

120

Interview by the author with an officer in the Ministry of Education, who was formerly the focal point for World Heritage within the Solomon Islands National Commission for UNESCO (Honiara, 28 July 2013).

121

Ibid.; Solomon Islands Government, State Party Report on the State of Conservation of the East Rennell World Heritage Area (Solomon Islands) (SIG, 2012) 3.

122

Erika J Techera, ‘Safeguarding cultural heritage: Law and policy in Fiji’ (2011) 12 Journal of Cultural Heritage 329, 331.

123

Letter from Aseri Yalangono, Deputy Secretary General of National Commission for UNESCO Solomon Islands to the Director of the UNESCO World Heritage Centre (31 August 2011) 1.

124

Solomon Islands Government, above n 82, 2.

125

See, for example, Dinnen, ‘State-Building in a Post-Colonial Society’, above n 111.

126

Minister for Provincial Government and Institutional Strengthening, ‘Rennell and Bellona Provincial Government (Suspension of Executive Powers) Order 2014’ in Solomon Islands, Extraordinary Gazette, No 81, 5 September 2014, 184.

127

World Heritage Convention arts 4–5.

128

UNESCO, Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, UN Doc WHC.16/01 (26 October 2016) para 98.

129

Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980) art 26.

130

Ibid., art 27.

131

132

State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, WHC 28th sess, UN Doc WHC-04/28.COM/15B (15 June 2004) 15 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands) 15.

133

Interview by the author with an officer in the Ministry of Culture (Honiara, 26 July 2013).

134

Interview by the author with Joe Horokou, Director of the Environment and Conservation Division of the Ministry of Environment (Honiara, 15 August 2013).

135

Interview by the author with a conservation officer in the Ministry of Environment (Honiara, 2 August 2013).

136

Ibid.

137

Interview by the author with Malchoir Mataki, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Environment (Honiara, 1 October 2013).

138

Ibid.

139

Interview by the author with an officer in the Ministry of Culture (Honiara, 26 July 2013).

140

141

Ibid.

142

Interview by the author with Bradley Tovosia, Minister for Environment (Honiara, 24 September 2013).

143

Interview by the author with Joe Horokou, Director of the Environment and Conservation Division of the Ministry of Environment (Honiara, 15 August 2013).

144

Interview by the author with an officer in the Ministry of Culture (Honiara, 26 July 2013).

145

Interview by the author with a conservation officer in the Ministry of Environment (Honiara, 2 August 2013).

146

Ibid.

147

Nils Finn Munch-Petersen, above n 75, 173.

148

McKinnon, above n 81, 35–36.

149

Dingwall, above n 39, 8.

150

Wingham, above n 11, 39.

151

Ibid., 17.

152

Smith, above n 22, 592, 597; Tabbasum and Dingwall, above n 68, 13; Scott Alexander Stanley, REDD Feasibility Study for East Rennell World Heritage Site, Solomon Islands (Secretariat of the Pacific Community and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2013) 12; Kasia Gabrys and Mike Heywood, ‘Community and Governance in the World Heritage Property of East Rennell’ in Anita Smith (ed), World Heritage in a Sea of Islands: Pacific 2009 Programme, World Heritage Papers 34 (UNESCO, 2012) 60, 62; Jacob Zikuli and Hazel Clothier, Community Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the East Rennell World Heritage Programme (Live and Learn Environmental Education, 2008) 12; Maria Ana Borges et al, Sustainable Tourism and Natural World Heritage (IUCN, 2011) 10.

153

Dingwall, above n 39, 8.

154

Smith, above n 22, 598. See also Stanley, above n 152. Stanley states that less than ten tourists visited the site in 2012; at 12.

155

John Denham, Tim Muke and Vagi Genorupa, ‘Nominating and Managing a World Heritage Site in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea’ (2007) 39(3) World Archaeology 324, 330.

156

State of Conservation of the Properties Inscribed on the List of World Heritage in Danger, WHC 42nd sess, UN Doc WHC/18/42.COM/7A.Add.2 (15 June 2018) 17 (East Rennell, Solomon Islands) 18.

157

Gabrys and Heywood, above n 152, 62; Zikuli and Clothier, above n 152, 13. See also Smith, above n 22, who notes that livelihood issues dominated the meetings with community members that she was involved with to discuss the World Heritage programme: at 598. Similarly, livelihood issues dominated many of the meetings the author attended in East Rennell (in her capacity as legal advisor for a non-government organisation) concerning the protection of the World Heritage site.

158

See, for example, Wingham, above n 11, 27.

159

Ibid.

160

Smith, above n 22, 598; John Foimua, ‘Renbel (Rennell-Bellona) Province, Provincial Profile’ in David Lawrence and Matthew Allen (eds), Hem Nao, Solomon Islands, Tis Taem – Community Sector Program – Volume 1, Provincial Profiles (2006) 131, 144–145. See also Solomon Islands Government, Volume I Report on 2009 Population and Housing Census: Basic Tables and Census Description, Statistical Bulletin 6/2012 (Solomon Islands Government, 2012).

161

Simon Foale, ‘Where’s Our Development? Landowner Aspirations and Environmentalist Agendas in Western Solomon Islands’ (2001) 2(2) Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 44, 49.

162

Ibid.

163

For example, Rennell’s airstrip, located in the capital Tigoa, was built by a company that conducted prospecting for bauxite there in the 1970s (Phillip Iro Tagini, The Search for King Solomon’s Gold: An Examination of the Policy and Regulatory Framework for Mining in Solomon Islands (PhD Thesis, The Australian National University, 2007) 61). When prospecting began, a road was constructed between Tigoa and Lavagu (in central Rennell). It was later extended to reach Lake Tegano with funding from the European Union (Wingham, above n 11, 29). More recently, a mining company built a road linking the four East Rennell villages.

164

WHC Res 40 COM 7A.49, 40th sess, UN Doc WHC-16/40.COM/19 (15 November 2016) 68. See also WHC Res 41 COM 7A.19, 41st sess, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/18 (12 July 2017) 35.

165

State of Conservation of Properties Inscribed on the World Heritage List, UN Doc WHC/17/41.COM/7A.Add, 31–32.

166

Smith, above n 22, 597.

Albert, Simon, Peter Ramohia, Andrew Olds, Tingo Leve, Charlotte Kvennefors, Survey of the Condition of the Marine Ecosystem within the East Rennell World Heritage Area, Solomon Islands (University of Queensland, Solomon Islands Marine Ecology Laboratory, Griffith University and WWF-Solomon Islands, 2013)

Allen, Matthew G, ‘Land, Identity and Conflict on Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands’ (2012) 43(2) Australian Geographer 153

Badman, T, B Bomhard, A Fincke, J Langley, P Rosabal and D Sheppard, Outstanding Universal Value: Standards for Natural World Heritage (IUCN, 2008)

Baines, Graham, Beneath the State: Chiefs of Santa Isabel, Solomon Islands, Coping and Adapting, State, Society and Governance Working Paper 2014/2 (Australian National University, 2014)

Bennett, Judith, Roots of Conflict in Solomon Islands – Though Much is Taken, Much Abides: Legacies of Tradition and Colonialism, State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Discussion Paper (Australian National University, 2002)

Boer, Ben, Solomon Islands: Review of Environmental Law (SPREP, 1993)

Boer, Ben, ‘Solomon Islands’ in Ben Boer (ed), Environmental Law in the South Pacific: Consolidated Report of the Reviews of Environmental Law in the Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Kingdom of Tonga, Republic of the Marshall Islands and Solomon Islands (South Pacific Regional Environment Programme and IUCN Environmental Law Centre, 1996) 189

Borges, Maria Ana, Giulia Carbone, Robyn Bushell and Tilman Jaeger, Sustainable Tourism and Natural World Heritage (IUCN, 2011)

Braithwaite, John, Sinclair Dinnen, Matthew Allen, Valerie Braithwaite and Hilary Charlesworth, Pillars and Shadows: Statebuilding as Peacebuilding in Solomon Islands (ANU E Press, 2010)

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Titel: The Listing and Protection of the East Rennell World Heritage Site
verfasst von: Stephanie Clair Price
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Buch: World Heritage Conservation in the Pacific
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0601-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-0602-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0602-0_5

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