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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

The Miracle of Brand Value Creation: Where Does the Value Come From?

verfasst von : Anton Nagatkin, Roman Kral, Janine Stockmeier

Erschienen in: Intangibles in the World of Transfer Pricing

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Strong brands are the result of brand value creation within a company. Established brands may lead to higher market share, higher sales volumes, and higher price margins for the respective product or service. In this chapter, we analyze the sources of brand value creation from a functional perspective, both for B2C and B2B markets. We also show that the functions of reducing information cost and risk have a positive impact on the decision of a customer to purchase a product or service by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making (evaluation) process. In addition, the function of symbolic meaning can increase the perceived value of a product or service from a customer’s point of view. Moreover, we provide practical examples of each of these functions.
As understanding a brand and its creation is fundamental for valuing intercompany transactions that concern the transfer or use of brands, this chapter outlines the basics of brands and the differences between B2B and B2C by reference to marketing literature. An understanding of the brand concept is prudent for identifying relevant DEMPE functions that are performed by related parties and is helpful to comprehend intercompany transactions related to brands, such as licensing. This basic understanding helps in finding, setting, and defending arm´s length prices for such transactions.

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Fußnoten
1
Other values for the Apple brand were determined in comparable reports, e.g., Forbes. However, the value quoted remains within the available estimates.
 
2
Backhaus and Voeth (1999).
 
3
Keller (1993).
 
4
Leek and Christodoulides (2012).
 
5
Loken and John (1993), Zeithaml (1988).
 
6
Backhaus et al. (2011).
 
7
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
8
Agarwal ad Teas (2001).
 
9
Keller and Lehmann (2006).
 
10
Kemper (2000).
 
11
Steenkamp (2014).
 
12
Backhaus and Voeth (1999).
 
13
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
14
Leek and Christodoulides (2012)
 
15
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
16
Interbrand (2018).
 
17
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
18
Backhaus and Voeth (1999).
 
19
Kemper (2000).
 
20
Damm (1993).
 
21
Steenkamp (2014).
 
22
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
23
Kotler and Pfoertsch (2007).
 
24
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
25
Hague and Jackson (1994), Henning-Bodewig and Kur (1990).
 
26
De Chernatony and Dall’Olmo Riley (1998).
 
27
Mudambi (2002).
 
28
Kuhn et al. (2008), Hakansson (1982), Leek and Christodoulides (2012).
 
29
Caspar et al. (2002).
 
30
Venkatesh and Mahajan (1997).
 
31
Steenkamp (2017).
 
32
Esch et al. (2014).
 
33
Chapter VI of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations dated July 2017 (hereafter referred to as “OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines”).
 
34
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(2.1). Such separation of performance and control is often observed in corporate processes.
 
35
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(4.1).
 
36
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(4.1) and examples 8–13.
 
37
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(4.1) and examples 8–13.
 
38
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(4.1) and examples 8–13.
 
39
See OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI (B)(1).
 
40
Cf. OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines 2017, Chapter VI Section A.1..
 
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Metadaten
Titel
The Miracle of Brand Value Creation: Where Does the Value Come From?
verfasst von
Anton Nagatkin
Roman Kral
Janine Stockmeier
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73332-6_8