1. The Origins and Intentions of this Handbook

 “Culture is the invisible force behind the tangibles and observables in any organization, a social energy that moves people to act. Culture is to the organization what personality is to the individual – a hidden, yet unifying theme that provides meaning, direction, and mobilization” (Killman 1985).

 We consider the following quote useful for elucidating the meaning and role of a “knowledge nugget” as a building block of the “Mode 3” Innovation Ecosystem”: “People, culture, and technology serve as the institutional, market, and socio-economic ‘glue’ that binds, catalyzes, and accelerates interactions and manifestations between creativity and innovation as shown in Figure 3, along with public-private partnerships, international Research & Development (R&D) consortia, technical/business/legal standards such as intellectual property rights as well as human nature and the ‘creative demon’. The relationship is highly non-linear, complex and dynamic, evolving over time and driven by both external and internal stimuli and factors such as firm strategy, structure, and performance as well as top-down policies and bottom-up initiatives that act as enablers, catalysts, and accelerators for creativity and innovation that leads to competitiveness” (Carayannis and Gonzalez 2003, p. 593).