Skip to main content

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. The Role of Risk Perception and Political Culture: A Comparative Study of Regulating Genetically Modified Food

verfasst von : Tony E. Wohlers

Erschienen in: Risk and Cognition

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Policymakers in industrialized countries have responded differently to the perceived opportunities and threats regarding the genetic modification of agricultural food production. In particular, a biotechnology policy divide has emerged since the 1990s between North America and some countries in South America on the one hand and many countries in the European Union. This study asks whether national differences in political culture, as expressed through different levels of tolerance for uncertainty and risk affect the formulation of protective regulatory policy in the area of genetically modified food. To answer this question, the analysis applies elements of the cultural model developed by Hofstede and uses a modified version of the Margolis Risk Matrix to assess risk tolerance in regards to the regulation of genetically modified food in the United States, Canada, Brazil, and the European Union.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Reiss, M., & Straughan, R. (1996). Improving nature? The science and ethics of genetic engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Reiss, M., & Straughan, R. (1996). Improving nature? The science and ethics of genetic engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Agence France Presse. (2012, February 7). Brazil to lead world in biotech crops. Sao Paulo: Agence France Presse. Agence France Presse. (2012, February 7). Brazil to lead world in biotech crops. Sao Paulo: Agence France Presse.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Shore, R. (2012, February 11). Biotech agriculture expanding globally: New battle lines are emerging as industry shift from commodity crops to whole foods. The Vancouver Sun. Shore, R. (2012, February 11). Biotech agriculture expanding globally: New battle lines are emerging as industry shift from commodity crops to whole foods. The Vancouver Sun.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Munro, W. A. & Schurman, R. A. (2008). Sustaining outrage: Cultural capital, strategic location, and motivating sensibilities in the US anti-genetic engineering movement. In W. Wright & G. Middendorf (Eds.), The fight over food. Producers, consumers, and activists challenge the global food system (pp. 145–176). The Pennsylvania State University: Pennsylvania State University Press. Munro, W. A. & Schurman, R. A. (2008). Sustaining outrage: Cultural capital, strategic location, and motivating sensibilities in the US anti-genetic engineering movement. In W. Wright & G. Middendorf (Eds.), The fight over food. Producers, consumers, and activists challenge the global food system (pp. 145–176). The Pennsylvania State University: Pennsylvania State University Press.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Jasanoff, S. (1995). Product, process, or programme: Three cultures and the regulation of biotechnology. In M. Bauer (Ed.), Resistance to new technology. Nuclear power, information technology and biotechnology (pp. 311–331). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jasanoff, S. (1995). Product, process, or programme: Three cultures and the regulation of biotechnology. In M. Bauer (Ed.), Resistance to new technology. Nuclear power, information technology and biotechnology (pp. 311–331). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunlop, C. (2000). GMOs and regulatory styles. Environmental Politics, 9(2), 149–155.CrossRef Dunlop, C. (2000). GMOs and regulatory styles. Environmental Politics, 9(2), 149–155.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaskell, G. (2001). Troubled waters: The Atlantic divide on biotechnology policy. In G. Gaskell & M. Bauer (Eds.), Biotechnology 1996–2000: The years of controversy (pp. 96–115). London: NMSI Trading Ltd. Gaskell, G. (2001). Troubled waters: The Atlantic divide on biotechnology policy. In G. Gaskell & M. Bauer (Eds.), Biotechnology 1996–2000: The years of controversy (pp. 96–115). London: NMSI Trading Ltd.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Isaac, G. E. (2002). Agricultural biotechnology and transatlantic trade: Regulatory barriers to GM crops (p. 211). Cary: CABI Publishing.CrossRef Isaac, G. E. (2002). Agricultural biotechnology and transatlantic trade: Regulatory barriers to GM crops (p. 211). Cary: CABI Publishing.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Katz, P., Macdonald, P., & Mackanzie, G. (2004). The evolving GMO food trade policy debate: Towards a global regulatory regime? In R. E. Evenson & V. Santaniello (Eds.), The regulation of agricultural biotechnology (pp. 25–34). Cambridge: CABI Publishing.CrossRef Katz, P., Macdonald, P., & Mackanzie, G. (2004). The evolving GMO food trade policy debate: Towards a global regulatory regime? In R. E. Evenson & V. Santaniello (Eds.), The regulation of agricultural biotechnology (pp. 25–34). Cambridge: CABI Publishing.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Jaffe, G. (2004). Regulating transgenic crops: A comparative analysis of different regulatory processes. Transgenic Research, 13(1), 5–19.CrossRef Jaffe, G. (2004). Regulating transgenic crops: A comparative analysis of different regulatory processes. Transgenic Research, 13(1), 5–19.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaudillière, J. P. (2006). Globalization and regulation in the biotech world: The transatlantic debates over cancer genes and genetically modified crops. OSIRIS, 21, 251–272.CrossRef Gaudillière, J. P. (2006). Globalization and regulation in the biotech world: The transatlantic debates over cancer genes and genetically modified crops. OSIRIS, 21, 251–272.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Sheingate, A. D. (2006). Promotion versus precaution: The evolution of biotechnology policy in the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 36(2), 243–268.CrossRef Sheingate, A. D. (2006). Promotion versus precaution: The evolution of biotechnology policy in the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 36(2), 243–268.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Jepson, W. E., Brannstrom, C. & de Souza, R. S. (2005). A case of contested ecological modernization: The governance of genetically modified crops in Brazil. Environment and Planning: Government and Policy, 23(2), 295–310. Jepson, W. E., Brannstrom, C. & de Souza, R. S. (2005). A case of contested ecological modernization: The governance of genetically modified crops in Brazil. Environment and Planning: Government and Policy, 23(2), 295–310.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Margolis, H. (1996). Dealing with risk: Why the public and experts disagree on environmental issues (pp. 75–78). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Margolis, H. (1996). Dealing with risk: Why the public and experts disagree on environmental issues (pp. 75–78). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams, R. M. (1974). American Society. New York: Knopf Williams. Williams, R. M. (1974). American Society. New York: Knopf Williams.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Elazar, D. J. (1984). American federalism: A view from the States. New York: Harper & Row. Elazar, D. J. (1984). American federalism: A view from the States. New York: Harper & Row.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton: Princeton University. Almond, G. A., & Verba, S. (1963). The civic culture: Political attitudes and democracy in five nations. Princeton: Princeton University.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Deutsch, K. W. (1970). Politics and government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Deutsch, K. W. (1970). Politics and government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Swedlow, B. (2002). Toward cultural analysis in policy analysis: Picking up where Aaron Wildavsky left off. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4(3), 267–285. Swedlow, B. (2002). Toward cultural analysis in policy analysis: Picking up where Aaron Wildavsky left off. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4(3), 267–285.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoppe, R. (2002). Cultures of public policy problems. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4(3), 305–326. Hoppe, R. (2002). Cultures of public policy problems. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 4(3), 305–326.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner, C. H., & Trompenaars, A. (1993). The seven cultures of capitalism: Value systems for creating wealth in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. New York: Doubleday Business. Turner, C. H., & Trompenaars, A. (1993). The seven cultures of capitalism: Value systems for creating wealth in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Sweden, and the Netherlands. New York: Doubleday Business.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Steensma, H. K. (2000). The influence of national culture on the formation of technology alliances by entrepreneurial firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 951–973.CrossRef Steensma, H. K. (2000). The influence of national culture on the formation of technology alliances by entrepreneurial firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 951–973.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. H., & Hofstede, G. H. (2005). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (pp. 167–190). New York: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. H., & Hofstede, G. H. (2005). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (pp. 167–190). New York: McGraw-Hill.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Yniyurt, S., & Townsend, J. (2003). Does culture explain acceptance of new products in a country? An empirical investigation. International Marketing Review, 20(4), 377–397.CrossRef Yniyurt, S., & Townsend, J. (2003). Does culture explain acceptance of new products in a country? An empirical investigation. International Marketing Review, 20(4), 377–397.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowe, W. D. (1992). Risk analysis: A tool for policy decisions. In M. Waterstone (Ed.), Risk and society: The interaction of science and public policy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Rowe, W. D. (1992). Risk analysis: A tool for policy decisions. In M. Waterstone (Ed.), Risk and society: The interaction of science and public policy. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Funke, O. (1985). Biopolitics and public policy: Controlling biotechnology. PS: Political Science and Politics, 18(1), 69–77.CrossRefMathSciNet Funke, O. (1985). Biopolitics and public policy: Controlling biotechnology. PS: Political Science and Politics, 18(1), 69–77.CrossRefMathSciNet
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday. Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Currency Doubleday.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton and Sons. Kelly, G. A. (1955). The psychology of personal constructs. New York: Norton and Sons.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Eden, C., & Radford, J. (1990). Tackling strategic problems. Newbury Park: Sage. Eden, C., & Radford, J. (1990). Tackling strategic problems. Newbury Park: Sage.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Fransella, F., & Bannister, D. (1977). A manual for repertory grid technique. London: Academic Press. Fransella, F., & Bannister, D. (1977). A manual for repertory grid technique. London: Academic Press.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Sjöberg, L. (2004). Principles of risk perception applied to gene technology: To overcome the resistance to applications of biotechnology, research on risk perception must take a closer look at the public’s reasons for rejecting this technology. European Molecular Biology Organization, 5, S47–S51. Sjöberg, L. (2004). Principles of risk perception applied to gene technology: To overcome the resistance to applications of biotechnology, research on risk perception must take a closer look at the public’s reasons for rejecting this technology. European Molecular Biology Organization, 5, S47–S51.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1976). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In R. Schwing & W. Albers (Eds.), Societal risk assessment: How safe is safe enough? (pp. 181–214). New York: Plenum Press. Slovic, P., Fischoff, B., & Lichtenstein, S. (1976). Facts and fears: Understanding perceived risk. In R. Schwing & W. Albers (Eds.), Societal risk assessment: How safe is safe enough? (pp. 181–214). New York: Plenum Press.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Nisbett, R., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decision. Journal of Business, 59, 251–278.CrossRef Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decision. Journal of Business, 59, 251–278.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.), Social theories of risk (pp. 117–152). New York: Praeger. Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of risk: Reflections on the psychometric paradigm. In S. Krimsky & D. Golding (Eds.), Social theories of risk (pp. 117–152). New York: Praeger.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Wynne, B. (2001). Creating pubic alienation: Expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs. Science as Culture, 10(4), 445–481.CrossRef Wynne, B. (2001). Creating pubic alienation: Expert cultures of risk and ethics on GMOs. Science as Culture, 10(4), 445–481.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, J. E. (1990). Public policymaking (p. 5). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Anderson, J. E. (1990). Public policymaking (p. 5). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Cobb, R. W., & Elder, C. (1972). Participation in American politics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Cobb, R. W., & Elder, C. (1972). Participation in American politics. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Ripley, R. B., & Franklin, G. A. (1986). Policy implementation and bureaucracy. Chicago: Dorsey Press. Ripley, R. B., & Franklin, G. A. (1986). Policy implementation and bureaucracy. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Belmont: Russel Sage. Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. Belmont: Russel Sage.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. (2006). Review of public opinion research. The Mellman Group. The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. (2006). Review of public opinion research. The Mellman Group.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Hallman, W. K. et al. (2004). Americans and GM foods: Knowledge, opinion, and interest in 2004. New Brunswick: Food Policy Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Hallman, W. K. et al. (2004). Americans and GM foods: Knowledge, opinion, and interest in 2004. New Brunswick: Food Policy Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (2004). Public attitudes towards agricultural biotechnology, ESA working paper no. 04–09. Agricultural and Development Economics Division: The Food and Agricultural Organization. Hoban, T. J. (2004). Public attitudes towards agricultural biotechnology, ESA working paper no. 04–09. Agricultural and Development Economics Division: The Food and Agricultural Organization.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (2002). American consumers’ awareness and acceptance of biotechnology. Washington, DC: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council. Hoban, T. J. (2002). American consumers’ awareness and acceptance of biotechnology. Washington, DC: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1999). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology in the United States and Japan. Food Technology, 53, 85–88. Hoban, T. J. (1999). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology in the United States and Japan. Food Technology, 53, 85–88.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1997). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology: An international perspective. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 232–234.CrossRef Hoban, T. J. (1997). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology: An international perspective. Nature Biotechnology, 15, 232–234.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1996). Trends in consumer acceptance and awareness of biotechnology. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 27(1), 1–10. Hoban, T. J. (1996). Trends in consumer acceptance and awareness of biotechnology. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 27(1), 1–10.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1990). Agricultural biotechnology: Public attitudes and educational needs. Raleigh: North Carolina State University. Hoban, T. J. (1990). Agricultural biotechnology: Public attitudes and educational needs. Raleigh: North Carolina State University.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Schilling, B. J. et al. (2002). Consumer knowledge of food biotechnology. A descriptive study of US residents. Rutgers University: Food Policy Institute. Schilling, B. J. et al. (2002). Consumer knowledge of food biotechnology. A descriptive study of US residents. Rutgers University: Food Policy Institute.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf, M. & Domegan, C. (2002). A comparison of consumer attitudes towards GM food in Ireland and the United States: A case study over time. In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods. (pp. 25–38). New York: CABI Publishing. Wolf, M. & Domegan, C. (2002). A comparison of consumer attitudes towards GM food in Ireland and the United States: A case study over time. In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods. (pp. 25–38). New York: CABI Publishing.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Hallman, W. K. & Metcalfe, J. (1994). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology: A survey of New Jersey residents. Food Policy Institute, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. Hallman, W. K. & Metcalfe, J. (1994). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology: A survey of New Jersey residents. Food Policy Institute, Cook College, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J., & Kendall, P. (1992). Consumer attitudes about the use of biotechnology in agriculture and food production. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University. Hoban, T. J., & Kendall, P. (1992). Consumer attitudes about the use of biotechnology in agriculture and food production. Raleigh, North Carolina: North Carolina State University.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Decima Research. (2006). Emerging technologies tracking. Canada: Decima Research. Decima Research. (2006). Emerging technologies tracking. Canada: Decima Research.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Research, Pollara. (2003). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues in Canada. Toronto: Pollara Research. Research, Pollara. (2003). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues in Canada. Toronto: Pollara Research.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollara Research & Earnscliffe Research and Communications. (2000). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues. Ottawa: Earnschliffe Research and Communications Pollara Research and Earnscliffe. Pollara Research & Earnscliffe Research and Communications. (2000). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues. Ottawa: Earnschliffe Research and Communications Pollara Research and Earnscliffe.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Einsiedel, E. F. & Medlock, J. M. (2001). Canada on the gene trail. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Biotechnology 1996–2000. The years of controversy (pp. 145–156). London: NMSI Trading Ltd. Einsiedel, E. F. & Medlock, J. M. (2001). Canada on the gene trail. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Biotechnology 1996–2000. The years of controversy (pp. 145–156). London: NMSI Trading Ltd.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Massarani, L., & de Castro Moreira, I. (2005). Attitudes towards genetics: A case study among Brazilian high school students. Public Understanding of Science, 14(2), 201–212.CrossRef Massarani, L., & de Castro Moreira, I. (2005). Attitudes towards genetics: A case study among Brazilian high school students. Public Understanding of Science, 14(2), 201–212.CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Massarani, L., & de Castro Moreira, I. (2006). What do Brazilians think about transgenics. In D. Brossard, J. Shanahan, & T. C. Nesbitt (Eds.), The public, the media, and agricultural biotechnology (pp. 179–1990). Cambridge: CABI. Massarani, L., & de Castro Moreira, I. (2006). What do Brazilians think about transgenics. In D. Brossard, J. Shanahan, & T. C. Nesbitt (Eds.), The public, the media, and agricultural biotechnology (pp. 179–1990). Cambridge: CABI.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Oosterveeer, P. (2007). Global governance of food production and consumption. Issues and challenges (p. 120). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Oosterveeer, P. (2007). Global governance of food production and consumption. Issues and challenges (p. 120). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (1992). Statement of policy: Foods derived from new plant varieties. Federal Register, 57, 22984–23005. Food and Drug Administration. (1992). Statement of policy: Foods derived from new plant varieties. Federal Register, 57, 22984–23005.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacy, W. B., Busch, L. & Lacy, L. L. (1991). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology. In B. R. Baumgardt & M. A. Martin (Eds.), Agricultural biotechnology. Issues and choices. (pp. 139–161). West Lafayette: Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station. Lacy, W. B., Busch, L. & Lacy, L. L. (1991). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology. In B. R. Baumgardt & M. A. Martin (Eds.), Agricultural biotechnology. Issues and choices. (pp. 139–161). West Lafayette: Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1998). International acceptance of agricultural biotechnology. In R. W. F. Hardy & J. B. Segelken (Eds.), Agricultural biotechnology and environmental quality: Gene escape and pest resistance (p. 61). Ithaca: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council Report. Hoban, T. J. (1998). International acceptance of agricultural biotechnology. In R. W. F. Hardy & J. B. Segelken (Eds.), Agricultural biotechnology and environmental quality: Gene escape and pest resistance (p. 61). Ithaca: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council Report.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Baram, M. (2010). Governance of GM crops and food safety in the United States. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 16–24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef Baram, M. (2010). Governance of GM crops and food safety in the United States. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 16–24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrara, J. (2001). Paving the way for biotechnology: Federal regulations and industry PR. In B. Tokar (Ed.), Redesigning life? The worldwide challenges to genetic engineering (pp. 297–305). London: Zed Book Ltd. Ferrara, J. (2001). Paving the way for biotechnology: Federal regulations and industry PR. In B. Tokar (Ed.), Redesigning life? The worldwide challenges to genetic engineering (pp. 297–305). London: Zed Book Ltd.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Toke, D. (2004). The politics of GM food: A comparative study of the UK, USA and EU (pp. 107–157). London: Routledge. Toke, D. (2004). The politics of GM food: A comparative study of the UK, USA and EU (pp. 107–157). London: Routledge.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Barbee, M. (2004). Politically incorrect nutrition: Finding reality in the mire of food industry propaganda (p. 70). Ridgefield: Vital Health Publishing. Barbee, M. (2004). Politically incorrect nutrition: Finding reality in the mire of food industry propaganda (p. 70). Ridgefield: Vital Health Publishing.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrington, J. C. (2005). The challenge to power. Money, investing, and democracy. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. Harrington, J. C. (2005). The challenge to power. Money, investing, and democracy. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelaez, V. & Schmidt, W. (2004). Social struggles and the regulation of transgenic crops in Brazil. In K. Jansen & S. Vellema (Eds.), Agribusiness and society. Corporate responses to environmentalism, market opportunities and public regulation. (pp. 232–246). London: Zed Books. Pelaez, V. & Schmidt, W. (2004). Social struggles and the regulation of transgenic crops in Brazil. In K. Jansen & S. Vellema (Eds.), Agribusiness and society. Corporate responses to environmentalism, market opportunities and public regulation. (pp. 232–246). London: Zed Books.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Reilly, J. M. (1989, December). Consumer effects of biotechnology. Agriculture Information Bulletin, 581, 1–11. Reilly, J. M. (1989, December). Consumer effects of biotechnology. Agriculture Information Bulletin, 581, 1–11.
76.
Zurück zum Zitat West, D. M. (2007). Biotechnology policy across national boundaries. The science-industrial complex (pp. 51–60). New York: Palgrave MacMilland.CrossRef West, D. M. (2007). Biotechnology policy across national boundaries. The science-industrial complex (pp. 51–60). New York: Palgrave MacMilland.CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration (1993, January/February). Genetically engineered foods: Fears & facts. An interview with FDA’s Jim Maryanski, FDA Consumer. Food and Drug Administration (1993, January/February). Genetically engineered foods: Fears & facts. An interview with FDA’s Jim Maryanski, FDA Consumer.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration (1994, May 18). Biotechnology of food, FDA backgrounder BG94-4. Washington DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration (1994, May 18). Biotechnology of food, FDA backgrounder BG94-4. Washington DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration (1994, September). First biotech tomato marketed. FDA Consumer Magazine, 3–4. Food and Drug Administration (1994, September). First biotech tomato marketed. FDA Consumer Magazine, 3–4.
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoban, T. J. (1999). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology in the United States and Japan. Food Technology, 53(5), 50–53. Hoban, T. J. (1999). Consumer acceptance of biotechnology in the United States and Japan. Food Technology, 53(5), 50–53.
83.
Zurück zum Zitat The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. (2006). Genetically modified crops in the United States.. p. 3. The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. (2006). Genetically modified crops in the United States.. p. 3.
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman, L., et al. (1994). Consumer knowledge and concern about biotechnology and food safety. Food Technology, 48(11), 71–77. Zimmerman, L., et al. (1994). Consumer knowledge and concern about biotechnology and food safety. Food Technology, 48(11), 71–77.
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Shanahan, J., Scheufele, D., & Lee, E. (2001). The polls—trends: Attitudes about agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65, 267–281.CrossRef Shanahan, J., Scheufele, D., & Lee, E. (2001). The polls—trends: Attitudes about agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified organisms. Public Opinion Quarterly, 65, 267–281.CrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Winston, M. (2002). Travels in the genetically modified zone (p. 236). USA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. Winston, M. (2002). Travels in the genetically modified zone (p. 236). USA: President and Fellows of Harvard College.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Gaskell, G., et al. (2000). Biotechnology and the European public. Nature Biotechnology, 18(September), 935–938.CrossRef Gaskell, G., et al. (2000). Biotechnology and the European public. Nature Biotechnology, 18(September), 935–938.CrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (1996). Safety assurance of foods derived by modern biotechnology in the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration. (1996). Safety assurance of foods derived by modern biotechnology in the United States. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (1995). FDA’s Policy for foods developed by biotechnology. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration. (1995). FDA’s Policy for foods developed by biotechnology. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Bucchini, L., & Goldman, L. R. (2002). Starlink corn: A risk analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 5–13.CrossRef Bucchini, L., & Goldman, L. R. (2002). Starlink corn: A risk analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110(1), 5–13.CrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (2000, September 26). Statement by Joseph A. Levitt, Esq. Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services before the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. Retrieved September 15, 2006, from http://www.biotech-info.net/JAL.html. Food and Drug Administration. (2000, September 26). Statement by Joseph A. Levitt, Esq. Director, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services before the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee. Retrieved September 15, 2006, from http://​www.​biotech-info.​net/​JAL.​html.
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Biotechnology consultations on food from GE plant varieties. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=Biocon. Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Biotechnology consultations on food from GE plant varieties. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://​www.​accessdata.​fda.​gov/​scripts/​fdcc/​?​set=​Biocon.​
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (2004). Talk paper. FDA proposes draft guidance for industry for new plant varieties intended for food use. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration. (2004). Talk paper. FDA proposes draft guidance for industry for new plant varieties intended for food use. Washington, DC: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (2006). Guidance for industry. Recommendations for the early food safety evaluation of new non-pesticidal proteins produced by new plant varieties intended for food use. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration. (2006). Guidance for industry. Recommendations for the early food safety evaluation of new non-pesticidal proteins produced by new plant varieties intended for food use. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter, C. A., & Gruère, G. P. (2006). International approval and labeling regulations of genetically modified food in major trading countries, in regulating agricultural Biotechnology. In R. E. Just, J. M. Alston, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Economic and policy (p. 467). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Carter, C. A., & Gruère, G. P. (2006). International approval and labeling regulations of genetically modified food in major trading countries, in regulating agricultural Biotechnology. In R. E. Just, J. M. Alston, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Economic and policy (p. 467). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration. (2001). Guidance for industry, voluntary labeling indicating whether foods have or have not been developed using bioengineering. Washington DC: Center for Food and Applied Nutrition. Food and Drug Administration. (2001). Guidance for industry, voluntary labeling indicating whether foods have or have not been developed using bioengineering. Washington DC: Center for Food and Applied Nutrition.
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture. (2002). Guidance for industry: Drugs biologics and medical devices derived from bioengineered plants for use in humans and animals—draft guidance. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration and United States Department of Agriculture. Food and Drug Administration and US Department of Agriculture. (2002). Guidance for industry: Drugs biologics and medical devices derived from bioengineered plants for use in humans and animals—draft guidance. Washington, DC: US Food and Drug Administration and United States Department of Agriculture.
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Bren, L. (2000, November-December). Genetic engineering: The future of foodss? FDA Consumner Magazine. Bren, L. (2000, November-December). Genetic engineering: The future of foodss? FDA Consumner Magazine.
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Murphy, D. J. (2007). Improving containment strategies in biopharming. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 5, 555–569.CrossRef Murphy, D. J. (2007). Improving containment strategies in biopharming. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 5, 555–569.CrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Abergel, E., & Barrett, K. (2002). Putting the cart before the horse: A review of biotechnology policy in Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 37(3), 137–141. Abergel, E., & Barrett, K. (2002). Putting the cart before the horse: A review of biotechnology policy in Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 37(3), 137–141.
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. (2003). Hearing. June 12, 2003. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. (2003). Hearing. June 12, 2003. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food.
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Andree, P. (2002). The biopolitics of genetically modified organisms in Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 37(3), 162–191. Andree, P. (2002). The biopolitics of genetically modified organisms in Canada. Journal of Canadian Studies, 37(3), 162–191.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. (1998, May 12). Evidence. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food. (1998, May 12). Evidence. Standing Committee on Agriculture and Agri-Food.
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Andree, P. (2006). GM food regulation. An analysis of efforts to improve genetically modified food regulation in Canada. Science and Public Policy, 33(5), 377–389.CrossRef Andree, P. (2006). GM food regulation. An analysis of efforts to improve genetically modified food regulation in Canada. Science and Public Policy, 33(5), 377–389.CrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Skogstad, G. (2010). Science and technology: Politicians and the public. In J. C. Courtney & D. E. Smith (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of canadian politics (p. 460). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Skogstad, G. (2010). Science and technology: Politicians and the public. In J. C. Courtney & D. E. Smith (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of canadian politics (p. 460). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Grant, E. I., & Hobbs, J. E. (2002). GM food regulations: Canadian debates. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 3(2), 105–113. Grant, E. I., & Hobbs, J. E. (2002). GM food regulations: Canadian debates. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 3(2), 105–113.
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollara Research. (2003). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues in Canada. Toronto: Pollara Research. p. 4. Pollara Research. (2003). Public opinion research into biotechnology issues in Canada. Toronto: Pollara Research. p. 4.
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Health Candada. (2006). Guidelines for the safety assessment of novel foods. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/alt_formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/gmf-agm/guidelines-lignesdirectrices-eng.pdf. Health Candada. (2006). Guidelines for the safety assessment of novel foods. Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://​www.​hc-sc.​gc.​ca/​fn-an/​alt_​formats/​hpfb-dgpsa/​pdf/​gmf-agm/​guidelines-lignesdirectrice​s-eng.​pdf.​
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. (2003). Biotechnology transforming society: Creating an innovative economy and a higher quality of life. Report on biotechnology 1998–2003. Government of Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. (2003). Biotechnology transforming society: Creating an innovative economy and a higher quality of life. Report on biotechnology 1998–2003. Government of Canada.
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Skogstad, G. (2008). Internationalization and Canadian agriculture. Policy and governing paradigms (p. 230). Toronto: Toronto University Press. Skogstad, G. (2008). Internationalization and Canadian agriculture. Policy and governing paradigms (p. 230). Toronto: Toronto University Press.
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Brasil. (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, D.F. Brasil. (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, D.F.
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes, R. (2007). The politics of agricultural biotechnology in Brazil, 1995–2005. Interests and institutions as explanations for unexpected policy choices. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. Chicago, pp. 19–20. Rhodes, R. (2007). The politics of agricultural biotechnology in Brazil, 1995–2005. Interests and institutions as explanations for unexpected policy choices. Paper presented at the 48th Annual Convention of the International Studies Association. Chicago, pp. 19–20.
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Jepson, W. E. (2002). Globalization and Brazilian biosafety: The politics of scale over biotechnology governance. Political Geography, 21, 912.CrossRef Jepson, W. E. (2002). Globalization and Brazilian biosafety: The politics of scale over biotechnology governance. Political Geography, 21, 912.CrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat CTNBio report cited in Pelaez, V. & Schmidt, W. Social struggles and the regulation of transgenic crops in Brazil. (p. 247). CTNBio report cited in Pelaez, V. & Schmidt, W. Social struggles and the regulation of transgenic crops in Brazil. (p. 247).
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelaez, V. (2009). State of exception in the regulation of genetically modified organisms in Brazil. Science and Public Policy, 36(1), 61–71.CrossRef Pelaez, V. (2009). State of exception in the regulation of genetically modified organisms in Brazil. Science and Public Policy, 36(1), 61–71.CrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Branford, S. (2001, September 5). Society: Environment: Bean stalked: Brazil is the only major world producer of GM-free soya, but for how long? The Guardian, 8. Branford, S. (2001, September 5). Society: Environment: Bean stalked: Brazil is the only major world producer of GM-free soya, but for how long? The Guardian, 8.
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Rhodes, S. (2006). The politics of agricultural biotechnology in Brazil, 1995–2005. Interests and institutions as explanations for unexpected policy choices. Presented at the Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, p. 2. Rhodes, S. (2006). The politics of agricultural biotechnology in Brazil, 1995–2005. Interests and institutions as explanations for unexpected policy choices. Presented at the Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico, p. 2.
130.
Zurück zum Zitat BBC. (2000). Court ruling on GM products orders environmental impact study. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 8, S1. BBC. (2000). Court ruling on GM products orders environmental impact study. BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, July 8, S1.
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Jepson, W. Brannstrom, C. E. & de Souza, R. S. (2008). Brazilian biotechnology governance: Consensus and conflict over genetically modified crops. In G. Otero (Ed.), Food for the few. Neoliberal globalism and biotechnology in Latin America. (pp. 221–305). Austin: University of Texas Press. Jepson, W. Brannstrom, C. E. & de Souza, R. S. (2008). Brazilian biotechnology governance: Consensus and conflict over genetically modified crops. In G. Otero (Ed.), Food for the few. Neoliberal globalism and biotechnology in Latin America. (pp. 221–305). Austin: University of Texas Press.
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Prudente, P. S. cited in Bauer, M. W. (2006). The paradoxes of resistance. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Genomics and society: Legal, ethical, and social dimensions. (p. 231). London: Earthscan. Prudente, P. S. cited in Bauer, M. W. (2006). The paradoxes of resistance. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Genomics and society: Legal, ethical, and social dimensions. (p. 231). London: Earthscan.
133.
Zurück zum Zitat BBC. (2000, July 15). Ministers defend genetically modified products. BBC Summary of World News, S1. BBC. (2000, July 15). Ministers defend genetically modified products. BBC Summary of World News, S1.
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Government communiqué cited in Pelaez V. & Schmidt W. (2004). p. 249. Government communiqué cited in Pelaez V. & Schmidt W. (2004). p. 249.
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Griesse, M. A. (2007). Developing social responsibility: Biotechnology and the case of DuPont in Brazil. Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 111. Griesse, M. A. (2007). Developing social responsibility: Biotechnology and the case of DuPont in Brazil. Journal of Business Ethics, 73, 111.
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer, M. W. (2006). The paradoxes of resistance. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Genomics and society: Legal, ethical, and social dimensions (pp. 1–20). London: Earthscan. Bauer, M. W. (2006). The paradoxes of resistance. In G. Gaskell & M. W. Bauer (Eds.), Genomics and society: Legal, ethical, and social dimensions (pp. 1–20). London: Earthscan.
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelaez, V., & da Silva, L. R. (2009). Issues concerning a sustainable regulatory body for GMO’s in Brazil. Journal of Economic Issues, XLIII, 2, 489. Pelaez, V., & da Silva, L. R. (2009). Issues concerning a sustainable regulatory body for GMO’s in Brazil. Journal of Economic Issues, XLIII, 2, 489.
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, T. (2003, October 15). Brazil’s farmers cheer legalization of their gene-altered soy crops. The International Herald Tribune, 16. Smith, T. (2003, October 15). Brazil’s farmers cheer legalization of their gene-altered soy crops. The International Herald Tribune, 16.
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Brazil grants GM soy temporary approval. (2003, April 2–9). Chemical Week, 51. Brazil grants GM soy temporary approval. (2003, April 2–9). Chemical Week, 51.
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Sur, N. (2003). Brazil government lifts ban on transgenic soy. NACLA Report on the Americas, XXXVII(3), 2, 5. Sur, N. (2003). Brazil government lifts ban on transgenic soy. NACLA Report on the Americas, XXXVII(3), 2, 5.
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Leite, M. (2004). Communicating biotechnology in Brazil: The failure of scientific and public proofs among widespread anti- and pro-technoscientific fundamentalisms. Paper presented at the 4S-EASST Conference, Paris. Leite, M. (2004). Communicating biotechnology in Brazil: The failure of scientific and public proofs among widespread anti- and pro-technoscientific fundamentalisms. Paper presented at the 4S-EASST Conference, Paris.
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Farias, P., Leite, J., & Allain, J. M. (2011). Evolution of the regulatory system for GM crops in Brazil. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 113–136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Farias, P., Leite, J., & Allain, J. M. (2011). Evolution of the regulatory system for GM crops in Brazil. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 113–136). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith, T. (2003, September 26). Brazil lifts ban on gene-altered soy crops. The International Herald Tribune, 12. Smith, T. (2003, September 26). Brazil lifts ban on gene-altered soy crops. The International Herald Tribune, 12.
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Silva, J. F. (2011). Brazil. Agricultural biotechnology annual. Biotech annual 2011. Global Agricultural Information Network, BR 0713. Silva, J. F. (2011). Brazil. Agricultural biotechnology annual. Biotech annual 2011. Global Agricultural Information Network, BR 0713.
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Levidow, L. (2001). Precautionary uncertainty: Regulating GM crops in Europe. Social Studies of Science, 31(6), 842–874.CrossRef Levidow, L. (2001). Precautionary uncertainty: Regulating GM crops in Europe. Social Studies of Science, 31(6), 842–874.CrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Löfstedt, R. E., Fischhoff, B., & Fischhoff, I. (2002). Precautionary principles: General definitions and specific applications to genetically modified organisms. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21(3), 381–407.CrossRef Löfstedt, R. E., Fischhoff, B., & Fischhoff, I. (2002). Precautionary principles: General definitions and specific applications to genetically modified organisms. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 21(3), 381–407.CrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Christoforou, T. (2004). The precautionary principle, risk assessment, and the comparative role of science in the European Community and the US legal system. In N. J. Vig & M. G. Faure (Eds.), Green giants? Environmental policies of the United States and the European Union. (pp. 17–52). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Christoforou, T. (2004). The precautionary principle, risk assessment, and the comparative role of science in the European Community and the US legal system. In N. J. Vig & M. G. Faure (Eds.), Green giants? Environmental policies of the United States and the European Union. (pp. 17–52). Cambridge: The MIT Press.
149.
Zurück zum Zitat European Communities. (1990). Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-Organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 117. European Communities. (1990). Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-Organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 117.
150.
Zurück zum Zitat European Communities. (1990). Council Directive 90/220/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 0015–0027. European Communities. (1990). Council Directive 90/220/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms. Official Journal of the European Communities, L 0015–0027.
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollack, M. A., & Shaffer, G. C. (2000). Biotechnology: The next transatlantic trade war. Washington Quarterly, 23(4), 41–54.CrossRef Pollack, M. A., & Shaffer, G. C. (2000). Biotechnology: The next transatlantic trade war. Washington Quarterly, 23(4), 41–54.CrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, D. R. (2000). Biotechnology risk management: The case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). CPCU Journal, 54, 215–230. Anderson, D. R. (2000). Biotechnology risk management: The case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). CPCU Journal, 54, 215–230.
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology (2003). US versus EU: An examination of the trade issues surrounding genetically modified food. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology (2003). US versus EU: An examination of the trade issues surrounding genetically modified food. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology.
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrne, D. (2002). Speech 02/314. David Byrne. European commissioner for health and consumer protection. GM food and feed. Strasbourg: Plenary Session of the European Parliament. Byrne, D. (2002). Speech 02/314. David Byrne. European commissioner for health and consumer protection. GM food and feed. Strasbourg: Plenary Session of the European Parliament.
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Byrne, D. (2001). Speech 01/378. David Byrne. European commissioner for health and consumer protection. Proposal for a regulation on GM food and feed. Brussels: European Parliament. Byrne, D. (2001). Speech 01/378. David Byrne. European commissioner for health and consumer protection. Proposal for a regulation on GM food and feed. Brussels: European Parliament.
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Marris, C., et al. (2001). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology in Europe. Final report of the PABE research project. Brussels: Commission of European Communities. Marris, C., et al. (2001). Public perceptions of agricultural biotechnology in Europe. Final report of the PABE research project. Brussels: Commission of European Communities.
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonny, S. (2003). Why are most Europeans opposed to GMOs? Factors explaining rejection in France and Europe. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 6(1), 52–71.CrossRef Bonny, S. (2003). Why are most Europeans opposed to GMOs? Factors explaining rejection in France and Europe. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 6(1), 52–71.CrossRef
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Toffel, M. W., & Heyman, J. (2002). An Atlantic divide? European and American attitudes on genetically engineered food. University of California, Haas School of Business: California. Toffel, M. W., & Heyman, J. (2002). An Atlantic divide? European and American attitudes on genetically engineered food. University of California, Haas School of Business: California.
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Verdurme, A., et al. (2001). Differences in public acceptance between generic and premium branded GM food products: An analytical model. In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods (pp. 39–47). New York: CABI Publishing.CrossRef Verdurme, A., et al. (2001). Differences in public acceptance between generic and premium branded GM food products: An analytical model. In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods (pp. 39–47). New York: CABI Publishing.CrossRef
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanf, C. H. & Böker, A. (2001). Is European consumers’ refusal of GM food a serious obstacle or a transient fashion? In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods. (pp. 49–54). New York: CABI Publishing. Hanf, C. H. & Böker, A. (2001). Is European consumers’ refusal of GM food a serious obstacle or a transient fashion? In V. Santaniollo, R. E. Evenson, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Market development for genetically modified foods. (pp. 49–54). New York: CABI Publishing.
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, M. (2008). EU regulation of GMOs. Law and decision making for a new technology (pp. 2–4). Chelensham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRef Lee, M. (2008). EU regulation of GMOs. Law and decision making for a new technology (pp. 2–4). Chelensham: Edward Elgar Publishing.CrossRef
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Schauzu, M. (2010). The European Union’s regulatory framework. Developments in legislation, safety assessment, and public perception. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 57–84). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schauzu, M. (2010). The European Union’s regulatory framework. Developments in legislation, safety assessment, and public perception. In M. Baram & M. Bourrier (Eds.), Governing risk in GM agriculture (pp. 57–84). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Stemke, D. J. (2004). Genetically modified organisms: Biosafety and ethical issues. In S. R. Parekh (Ed.), The GMO handbook. genetically modified animals, microbes and plants in biotechnology (p. 108). Totowa: Humana Press. Stemke, D. J. (2004). Genetically modified organisms: Biosafety and ethical issues. In S. R. Parekh (Ed.), The GMO handbook. genetically modified animals, microbes and plants in biotechnology (p. 108). Totowa: Humana Press.
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Carter, C. A. & Gruère, G. P. (2006). International approval and labeling regulations of genetically modified food in major trading countries. In R. E. Just, J. M. Alston, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Regulating agricultural biotechnology. Economic and policy (p. 470). New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Carter, C. A. & Gruère, G. P. (2006). International approval and labeling regulations of genetically modified food in major trading countries. In R. E. Just, J. M. Alston, & D. Zilberman (Eds.), Regulating agricultural biotechnology. Economic and policy (p. 470). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
170.
Zurück zum Zitat European Union. (2003). Regulation (EC) No 182’9/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. Official Journal of the European Union. Department of Health and Human Services, L268/5. European Union. (2003). Regulation (EC) No 182’9/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. Official Journal of the European Union. Department of Health and Human Services, L268/5.
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaffer, G. C., & Pollack, M. A. (2009). The EU regulatory system of GMOs. In M. Everson & E. Vo (Eds.), Uncertain risks regulated (p. 280). New York: Routledge-Cavendish. Shaffer, G. C., & Pollack, M. A. (2009). The EU regulatory system of GMOs. In M. Everson & E. Vo (Eds.), Uncertain risks regulated (p. 280). New York: Routledge-Cavendish.
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Tzotzos, G. T., Head, G. P., & Hull, R. (2009). Genetically modified plants. Assessing safety and managing risk (pp. 138–143). San Diego: Academic Press. Tzotzos, G. T., Head, G. P., & Hull, R. (2009). Genetically modified plants. Assessing safety and managing risk (pp. 138–143). San Diego: Academic Press.
173.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission. (2004). Report from the commission to the European parliament, the council and the European economic and social committee. Life sciences and biotechnology—A strategy for Europe second progress report and future orientations. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Retrieved May 20, 2010, from http://ec.europa.eu/biotechnology/docs/com2004-250_en.pdf. European Commission. (2004). Report from the commission to the European parliament, the council and the European economic and social committee. Life sciences and biotechnology—A strategy for Europe second progress report and future orientations. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. Retrieved May 20, 2010, from http://​ec.​europa.​eu/​biotechnology/​docs/​com2004-250_​en.​pdf.
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, L. (2000). Genetic engineering, food, and our environment. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing. Anderson, L. (2000). Genetic engineering, food, and our environment. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing.
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Peters, H., et al. (2007). Culture and technological innovation: Impact of institutional trust and appreciation of nature on attitudes towards food biotechnology in the USA and Germany. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(2), 191–220.CrossRef Peters, H., et al. (2007). Culture and technological innovation: Impact of institutional trust and appreciation of nature on attitudes towards food biotechnology in the USA and Germany. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 19(2), 191–220.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Role of Risk Perception and Political Culture: A Comparative Study of Regulating Genetically Modified Food
verfasst von
Tony E. Wohlers
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45704-7_2

Premium Partner